03/21/2025
Back in the day, retrievers were classified according to the texture of their coat: Flat coated retrievers, wavy coated retrievers, and curly coated retrievers. Early retrievers were also black, but some dogs had a recessive yellow gene. In fact, at one time, Golden Retrievers were considered a color variation of Flat Coated Retrievers.
Conversely, some people believe there is such a thing as a black Golden Retriever. Note to them: There isn’t.
A purebred Golden Retriever’s glorious color is the a result of two recessive alleles. The MC1R gene (or the E-Locus) controls the production of pigment in melanocytes which controls the color of a dog’s skin or coat. The dominant allele, “E”, allows a dog to produce the black pigment, eumelanin. The recessive allele, “e,” turns all the eumelanin to phaeomelanin which means that the coat will be yellow or red in color. Since all purebred Golden Retrievers have the recessive “e/e” genotype, it’s impossible for a purebred Golden to pass along the dominant “E” allele. They’ll always be some tint or shade of gold or red, but they will never be black.
Genetic mutations do occur, but a color mutation in a Golden Retriever will appear as a patch of black hair like a pigment somatic mutation. If a somatic mutation takes place during the development of the embryo, black patches can appear on recessive Golden Retrievers. It won’t show up as a pure black coat, and this is underscored in the AKC breed standard which reads, “Rich, lustrous golden of various shades…Any noticeable area of black or other off-color hair is a serious fault.”
Unfortunately, there are plenty of websites that say otherwise. One site writes, “Black Golden Retrievers are a variety of the Golden Retriever dog. They have all of the same characteristics of a Golden but come in a midnight shade… They can even be purebred! They are likely black because of genetic diversity that was added to the bloodline in the development of the breed.”
No where does the site mention “genetic mutation” or somatic mutation, possibly because a potential buyer hears “mutation” and runs away from a possible sale. Disingenuous or ignorant breeders (or both) hawk “black Golden Retrievers” as rare and even charge more for them than a heritage Golden Retriever breeder does for a well bred, health tested puppy.
Black marked Golden Retrievers can make marvelous pets, but potential buyers should know that their “purebred black Golden Retriever” either isn’t a purebred, that its “rare” color is a mutation, and that the parent club considers it a fault.