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Retained PlacentaRetained placenta (RP) is also known as retained foetal membrane or retained cleansing.RP occurs when t...
29/03/2020

Retained Placenta

Retained placenta (RP) is also known as retained foetal membrane or retained cleansing.

RP occurs when the calf’s side of the placenta (the fetal membranes) fails to separate from the mother’s side.

Separation of the membranes normally occurs after the calf is born (early separation is one cause of stillbirth).

RP is usually defined as the failure to expel fetal membranes within 24 hr after parturition.

Cause
Retained placenta is most commonly associated with dystocia, milk fever (metabolic diseases) and twin births. In most herds with good management these causes make up the majority of known risk factors for retained placenta.

Symptoms
The single sign associated with RP is degenerating, discoloured, ultimately fetid membranes hanging from the v***a.

Occasionally, the retained membranes may remain within the uterus and not be readily apparent, in which case their presence may be signalled by a foul-smelling discharge.

Cows with retained fetal membranes are at increased risk of developing metritis, ketosis, mastitis, and even abortion in a subsequent pregnancy.

Manual removal of the retained membranes is NOT RECOMMENDED and is potentially harmful.

Prevention
There are no standard preventative regimes for RP. Good dry cow management is he best way of preventing RP and reducing its effects. This will include supply of correct nutrients, particularly magnesium, and fat soluble vitamins, maximising dry matter intake, maintaining the correct body condition score and supplying a clean dry environment.

25/03/2020

Milka fever

25/03/2020

Milk fever

21/01/2020

bovine pleuro pneumonia (CBPP). (sanbabka lo'da)
Is also known us lungs plague coused by organism mycoplasm mycoides small clony type, susceptible cattle become infected by inhaling droplets disseminated by coughing infect cattle, small ruminants and wildlife are not important in the ipidemiolgy, sheep and goat natuaraly infected but have no associated pathology,
CBPP spread?
Spread by direct contact with inyfect animal , through infected droppets in the breath,

and cantroling CBPP
• You can help prevent disease by bractising strict, biosecurity on your premises,

•the outbreak be controlled in a Lin with catigenecy plan for exotic notifiable disease,


Is recommended only in endimic areas because the organisms my not be eliminated and carries may develop,
TYLOSIN(10mg/kg I'm bid for six injection denofloxacin 2.5%(2.5mg/kh 3 consicutive days)

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS):**********************************■■■■■ What is HS ? Haemorrhagic septicaemia (...
06/01/2020

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS):
**********************************

■■■■■ What is HS ?
Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is a contagious bacterial disease caused by two serotypes of Pasteurella multocida, B2 and E2.
It affects cattle (Bos ta**us and B. indicus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with a high mortality rate in infected animals.
It is regarded as one of the most serious diseases of large ruminants in south east Asia.

■■■ Transmission:::
Infection is transmitted by:
●● Direct contact between animals
●● Contaminated feedstuffs or water

■■■ Clinical signs :::
Most cases are acute or peracute.
The following signs are seen:
● High fever
● Depression
● Reluctance to move
● Salivation and nasal discharge
● Painful, oedematous swelling of the throat,
● extending to the brisket
● Congested mucous membranes
● Respiratory distress
● Calves may have a haemorrhagic gastro-enteritis
● Death in 6-48 hours after onset of clinical signs.
Recovery is rare.

■■■ Diagnosis
* In the basis of clinical Signs
* Laboratory test of blood, fluid from swelling and pieces of internal organ from recently dead animal.

■■■ Treatment:::
● Use of broad spectrum antibiotics or Sulphonamide
● NSAIDs

■■■ Prevention and control:::

● The best control is annual vaccination, preferably carried out just before the high risk (rainy) season.
Vaccines are available that give immunity lasting for a year.
Immunity starts about 2 weeks after vaccination.

● Calves should be more than 3 months before vaccination is given, but before this age they may acquire some immunity by suckling the milk of vaccinated dams.

MastitisSummer mastitisDefinition: this form of mastitis, typically seen in non-lactating cows and heifers, invariably l...
26/11/2019

Mastitis

Summer mastitis
Definition: this form of mastitis, typically seen in non-lactating cows and heifers, invariably leads to extensiveparenchymal damage and loss of the quarter.

An infec-tious condition commonly involving Arcanobacterium pyogenes and many other possible organisms, it is trans-mitted by the sheep head fly, Hydrotaea irritans. Some
cases may occur in lactating cows secondary to teat sphincter trauma.

Clinical features: this endemic form of suppurative mastitis, with a characteristic foul odor, typically occurs sporadically in mid–late summer in Europe, because the
vector H. irritans is active during July–September. Mild cases become only slightly ill, whilst the more severely affected cows are dull, pyrexic, and anorexic.
They may
abort, or produce weakly calves at term. Acute, untreated cases may die. Very few quarters recover, although cases are very occasionally mild enough to pass unrecog-
nized until calving, when the affected quarter is non-functional (“blind”) and the teat is palpably thickened.
Occasionally summer mastitis is seen in a bull or a young calf.

The Charolais heifer in 11.2 is an early case, showing distension of the left hind quarter, which was typically hard and sore, with a prominent, turgid teat. In more advanced cases, the infection may burst through the
udder, as shown in the right hind quarter in

11.3. A thickening of the central teat canal was palpable, the quarter was very hard, and yellow pus with a pungent odor was discharging from the teat and udder.

AnthraxAnthrax, a highly infectious and FATAL DISEASES of MAMMALS and HUMANS, is caused by a relatively large spore-fo...
30/10/2019

Anthrax

Anthrax, a highly infectious and FATAL DISEASES of MAMMALS and HUMANS, is caused by a relatively large spore-forming rectangular shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis.

Anthrax occurs on all the continents, causes acute mortality in ruminants and is a zoonosis. The bacteria produce extremely potent toxins which are responsible for the ill effects, causing a high mortality rate. While most mammals are susceptible, anthrax is typically a disease of ruminants and humans.

It does not typically spread from animal to animal nor from person to person. The bacteria produce spores on contact with oxygen.

Clinical Signs
Sudden death (often within 2 or 3 hours of being apparently normal) is by far the most common sign;
Very occasionally some animals may show trembling, a high temperature, difficulty breathing, collapse and convulsions before death. This usually occurs over a period of 24 hours;
After death blood may not clot, resulting in a small amount of bloody discharge from the nose, mouth and other openings/
Diagnosis
On the clinical signs described above;
Rod-shaped bacteria surrounded by a capsule are visible in blood smears made from surface blood vessels
Post-mortem examinations should not be undertaken on suspected anthrax cases (including any cow that has died suddenly for no apparent reason) until a blood smear has proved negative);
If a carcass is opened accidentally, the spleen is usually swollen and there is bloodstained fluid in all body cavities.

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