01/03/2026
𝐓𝐫𝐲𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬, 𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐚𝐬 𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐚.
*Etiology:*
Trypanosomiasis in equines is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma evansi. This parasite is transmitted mechanically by biting flies, primarily horseflies (Tabanus spp.) and stable flies (Stomoxys spp.).
*Causes:*
- Mechanical transmission of T. evansi through the bite of infected flies
- Iatrogenic transmission through contaminated needles or equipment
- Transplacental transmission (rare)
*Signs and Symptoms:*
- *Acute phase:*
- Fever (often intermittent)
- Anemia
- Weight loss
- Edema (swelling) of the legs, belly, or face
- Weakness, depression
- Petechiae (small hemorrhages) on mucous membranes
- *Chronic phase:*
- Progressive weight loss
- Anemia
- Weakness, lethargy
- Poor coat condition
- Neurological signs (rare)
*Pathogenesis:*
1. T. evansi is transmitted to the horse through the bite of an infected fly.
2. The parasite multiplies in the horse's bloodstream, causing an immune response.
3. The immune response leads to the production of antibodies, but the parasite can evade the immune system by changing its surface coat.
4. The parasite causes damage to the horse's tissues, leading to anemia, inflammation, and organ damage.
5. The disease can progress to a chronic phase, with the parasite persisting in the horse's tissues.
*Prevention:*
- *Vector control:*
- Use insecticides (e.g., pyrethroids) to control fly populations
- Apply fly repellents to horses
- Use fly-proof stabling and nets
- *Hygiene and biosecurity:*
- Use sterile needles and equipment
- Disinfect equipment and surfaces
- Isolate infected animals
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