Vet and your birds

23/09/2024

.Black head disease or black gill

, also known as black spot disease or black death, is a disease affecting various species of marine animals, including shellfish and crustaceans, across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The disease is characterized by the visibly noticeable black melanated gills, speculated to be caused by a fungus called Fusarium solani or a similarly shaped ciliate. Human consumption of fish affected by black gill disease is harmless


- Blackening of the head and gills
- White or pale patches on the body
- Peeling or sloughing of the skin
- Mortality

Possible causes:

- Poor water quality
- Low oxygen levels
- High ammonia or nitrite levels
- Bacterial or fungal infections
- Parasites
- Nutritional deficiencies

To address the issue, I would suggest the following:

1. Water quality check: Ensure proper water circulation, aeration, and filtration.
2. Water changes: Perform regular water changes (20-30% every week) to maintain optimal water quality.
3. Monitor water parameters: Regularly test for ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels.
4. Improve oxygen levels: Increase aeration and water circulation to ensure sufficient oxygen.
5. Treat for infections: Use appropriate antibiotics or antifungals under the guidance of a veterinarian or aquaculture expert.
6. Nutritional support: Ensure a balanced diet and consider adding supplements if necessary.
7. Quarantine and treatment: Isolate affected fish and provide appropriate treatment.

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20/09/2024

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Lamine Faye, Ahmed Mukhtiar, Narayan Shrestha, DrJaved Panhwer, Basiljohn Sebial, Sonia Vicente Balaogan, Bn Ibn Muh'd-Ballo, Muhammad Fahim, A Khaliq, Justin Dale Loreto Beldua, Opeyemi Ajadi, Abdulrahaman Fasasi Adegoke, Joe Wanyeki, Noor Hassan Dawar, Malebo Legodi, Qal Fiker, Tayyab Malick Malick, Prîñçë Ñôsh, Abdul Majeed Nasar, Usman Adamu IG, Wabii Simboo, Amani Nader

19/09/2024

Thanks for being a top engager and making it on to my weekly engagement list! 🎉 Skylight Kibet Rono, Mukesh Kumar Joshi, Chala Chalish Ka, Muhd Hussein Sa'eed, Isah Nuraddeen

19/09/2024

Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious, acute infection of chickens characterized by nasal discharge, coughing, and rales. In layers, it causes a marked reduction in egg production and quality.
Infectious bronchitis is caused by an avian coronavirus, an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus with characteristic spike-like projections on the surface of its envelope. Variation in the viral spike protein gives rise to multiple strains of the virus, which may vary regionally. The virus transmits rapidly through the flock, causing respiratory distress. Mortality is usually low in uncomplicated infections;

CLINICAL SIGNS

Conjunctivitis and nasal discharge are commonly observed. After a few days post-infection, most of the flock will show coughing and respiratory distress due to increased mucus in the trachea. In uncomplicated cases, clinical signs subside after one week. However, coinfection with opportunistic bacteria can complicate the disease.
Infected chicks can appear listless and huddle together for warmth. Feed consumption and weight gain are decreased. Infection with nephropathogenic strains can lead initially to respiratory signs, then later to lethargy, ruffled feathers, wet droppings, polydipsia, and death
In layers, a significant drop in egg production is often observed, and there may be an increase in the production of thin, wrinkled egg shells for several weeks.
And also layers with infectious bronchitis, egg production can drop by up to 70%, and eggs are often misshapen, with thin, soft, , rough, and/or pale shells. Eggs can also be smaller and have watery albumen.
TRANSMISSIONS
The virus is transmitted to the upper respiratory tract by either direct bird-to-bird contact or exposure to fomites. Once an animal is infected, viral replication occurs in the respiratory tract and digestive tract.
The virus is not transmitted through the egg. Clinical signs can be observed after a short incubation period (~24-48 hrs). Infected birds shed virus in their respiratory secretions and droppings.

PREVENTION
Vaccines are available commercially. The vaccine must be of the same serotype as the field strain to generate protective immunity. In general, live vaccines are used in young animals either by spray or drinking water applications.

Because many backyard flocks are unvaccinated, biosecurity plays a fundamental role in the prevention of infectious bronchitis. Stringent biosecurity practices, covering all aspects of the operation, are needed to keep flocks healthy. Before the arrival of new birds, the poultry house and equipment must be disinfected.

TREATMENT AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS n BRONCHITIS IN CHICKEN
Antimicrobials for secondary infections

Supportive care (eg, adjusting ambient temperature, decreasing protein content in feed, adding electrolytes to water)

Attenuated live or killed (inactivated) vaccines

No medication alters the course of IBV infection; however, antimicrobial treatment can lower the mortality rate exacerbated by complicating bacterial infections. In cold weather, increasing the ambient temperature also can decrease the mortality rate. In addition, decreasing the protein concentrations in feed and providing electrolytes in drinking water can assist in outbreaks that are due to nephropathogenic strains.

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16/09/2024

Thanks for being a top engager and making it on to my weekly engagement list! 🎉 Skylight Kibet Rono, Mukesh Kumar Joshi, Chala Chalish Ka

15/09/2024

15/09/2024

Heartwater is an infectious, noncontagious, tickborne rickettsial disease of ruminants. It occurs only in areas infested by ticks of the genus Amblyomma, including regions of sub-Saharan countries and the islands of Madagascar and Réunion, as well as the Caribbean, where it has been formally detected in Guadeloupe and Antigua. In the Caribbean, heartwater is transmitted by Amblyomma variegatum, and possible transmission to the mainland threatens the production animal industry of regions from northern South America to Central America and the southern US.

In endemic areas of southern Africa, the mortality rate due to heartwater can be as much as 90% in susceptible ruminants.

All domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) and wild ruminants (deer, springbok, giraffes) are susceptible to heartwater, and European species (Bos ta**us) are generally more susceptible than indigenous African breeds (Bos indicus). Wild animals seem susceptible to infection and play a reservoir role in the disease

CLINICAL SIGN

The clinical signs of heartwater are dramatic in the peracute and acute forms. In peracute cases, animals can die within a few hours after developing a fever, and sometimes animals die without any apparent clinical signs. Some affected animals display exaggerated respiratory distress or paroxysmal seizures. In the acute form, animals often show anorexia and listlessness, along with congested and friable mucous membranes.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Antimicrobials

Vaccination

Tick control

Heartwater can be treated with antimicrobials; however, they are effective only if administered at the onset of clinical signs. It is sometimes suggested to treat the entire herd if clinical cases occur in several animals.

Oxytetracycline (10–20 mg/kg, IV slowly or IM, every 24 hours for a minimum of 3 days or until fever abates) is usually curative if administered early in the course of heartwater infection. The higher dosage of oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg, IV slowly) can be successful if initiated late during the febrile reaction or when clinical signs are evident.

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11/09/2024

COLIBACILLOSIS (E. coli)

Colibacillosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli (also known simply as E. coli), and is seen in poultry flocks worldwide. E. coli can cause an infection under the skin, known as cellulitis, and is commonly associated with respiratory disease in birds, which in severe cases leads to septicaemia and death. Avian colibacillosis primarily affects broiler chickens between the ages of 4 and 6 weeks and is responsible for a significant proportion of the mortality found in poultry flocks. This mortality, treatment of the disease and decreased feed conversion efficiency result in significant costs to the poultry industry.

CLINICAL SIGNS
colibacillosis are nonspecific and vary with age, organs involved, and concurrent disease.

Young birds dying of acute septicemia may have few lesions on necropsy except for an enlarged, hyperemic liver and spleen with increased fluid in body cavities. Birds that survive septicemia can develop subacute fibrinopurulent airsacculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis, and lymphocytic depletion of the bursa and thymus (see airsacculitis and perihepatitis images). Unusually pathogenic salmonellae produce similar lesions in chicks.
Symptoms. Signs of colibacillosis are respiratory distress, reduced appetite and poor growth. Lesions seen at post mortem are airsacculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis and peritonitis, whitish diarrhoea

TREATMENT AND CONTROL
Good management practices

Antimicrobials contraindicated

Prevention of colibacillosis relies on good management to decrease exposure of birds to APEC and lessen the impact of stress and predisposing infections on the susceptibility of birds to APEC infection. Best management practices include the following:

sanitation of water lines and closed water systems

adequate ventilation to decrease ammonia and dust buildup

moisture control of litter

pest control (rodents, flies, beetles, etc)

In addition, experimental and commercial vaccines of various types have been used to prevent colibacillosis, to mixed effect. Often the vaccines may protect against specific serogroups; however, cross-protection against different serogroups of E coli is not always possible due to the diversity of APEC isolates causing disease.

Treatment of colibacillosis with antimicrobial agents is problematic due to widespread multidrug resistance among APEC isolates and restrictions on antimicrobial use in poultry imposed by regulation and public concern. If treatment is pursued, it should be based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Most isolates are resistant to tetracyclines, streptomycin, and sulfa drugs, although success can sometimes be achieved with tetracycline. However, the vast majority of clinical isolates are resistant to tetracycline, with most APEC isolates resistant to five or more antimicrobials. Extra-label use of fluoroquinolone in poultry is now banned in many countries, including the US.

Mostly Drugs of choice

Antimicrobials commonly used to treat enteric colibacillosis must be chosen for their ability to achieve therapeutic concentrations in the intestinal content. The most frequently used are enrofloxacin, apramycin, ceftiofur, neomycin, gentamicin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim/sulphonamide and colistin

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10/09/2024

POLYMELIA

Other Names: Four-legged Chicken Polymelia is a genetic birth defect and type of congenital malformation of the limbs that can sometimes occur in chickens, and is defined as the growth of additional limb(s) attached to various body regions. The additional limb or limbs are often shrunken in size and/or deformed. The exact cause of this congenital anomaly is unknown, however it is thought to be associated with genetic factors involving transgenes, chromosomes, and/or possible exposure to environmental toxins.

CLINICAL SIGN
Chicks has extra legs or limbs

DIAGNOSIS

History, Clinical signs, Physical exam and Radiography

TREATMENT

NAME SUMMARY No treatment necessary Most of the time, these birds can live normal healthy lives without negative implications resulting from the defect. Surgery When performed by a veterinarian, amputation of the extra limbs has been shown to be successful.

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09/09/2024

Fowl pox

04/08/2024

16weeks pullets
you can ask any questions that is bothering about your farm we are here to help you out. pls keep following ..
Vet and your birds