Companion Pet Clinic - CPC Saltlake

27/06/2025

Abdominal hernias in small birds (such as parakeets, finches, or canaries) occur when there is a weakening or rupture of the abdominal muscles, allowing internal organs (such as intestines, fat, or reproductive tissue) to protrude under the skin. This condition can be caused by several factors and requires prompt veterinary attention.

**Possible Causes:**
1. Egg Binding (Dystocia)– Common in female birds, straining to lay an egg can weaken the abdominal wall.
2. Obesity or Fatty Liver Disease– Excess fat can put pressure on muscles.
3. Trauma or Injury– Falls or rough handling may cause muscle tears.
4. Chronic Straining– Due to constipation, cloacal prolapse, or other conditions.
5. Congenital Weakness– Some birds may have a genetic predisposition.
6. Tumors or Infections– Can weaken abdominal tissues.

**Signs & Symptoms:**
- Visible soft swellingnear the abdomen or vent.
- Difficulty perching or moving.
- Lethargy or reduced appetite.
- Straining(if related to egg binding or cloacal issues).
- Discoloration or bruising(if trauma is involved).

**Diagnosis & Treatment:**
- Veterinary examination(palpation, imaging like X-rays or ultrasound).
- Surgical repair may be needed if the hernia is severe or organs are compromised.
- Supportive care(antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, or hormone therapy for egg-related issues).
- Dietary management(weight loss if obese, calcium supplements for egg-laying hens).
- Housing adjustments(lower perches, padded cage to prevent further injury).

**Prognosis:**
- Small, uncomplicated hernias may be managed conservatively.
- Large or strangulated hernias (where blood supply is cut off) are emergencies and require surgery.

27/06/2025

**What Is Dental Tartar in Dogs?**
Tartar is a hardened form of **plaque** (a sticky film of bacteria, food particles, and saliva) that accumulates on a dog’s teeth. Over time, minerals in saliva cause plaque to harden into tartar, which appears as yellow or brown deposits, especially near the gumline.

**Causes of Tartar Buildup**
1.Poor dental hygiene(lack of brushing)
2.Diet(soft or sticky foods contribute more than dry kibble)
3.Breed predisposition(small breeds like Yorkies, Dachshunds, and Poodles are more prone)
3.Age(older dogs develop more tartar)
4.Chewing habits(dogs that don’t chew enough on dental toys or bones)

**Signs of Tartar in Dogs**
1.Yellow/brown crust on teeth
2.Bad breath (halitosis)
3.Red, swollen, or bleeding gums(gingivitis)
4.Difficulty eating or dropping food
5.Loose or missing teeth(in severe cases)

**Health Risks of Untreated Tartar**
1.Periodontal disease(infection & destruction of gums & bone)
2.Tooth loss
3.Pain & discomfort
4.Systemic infections(bacteria can spread to heart, liver, and kidneys)

**How to Prevent & Treat Tartar in Dogs**
1. Regular Brushing
- Use a dog-specific toothbrush & toothpaste(never human toothpaste).
- Aim for 2-3 times per week(daily is ideal).

2. Dental Chews & Toys
- Look for VOHC-approved(Veterinary Oral Health Council) products.
- Examples: Greenies, dental ropes, rubber chew toys.

3. Special Diets & Water Additives
- Some prescription dental kibble(like Hill’s t/d or Purina DH) helps reduce plaque.
- Water additives(like HealthyMouth) can help control bacteria.

4. Professional Dental Cleanings
- Veterinary cleanings under anesthesia are the **only way to remove tartar fully**.
- Recommended **once a year** (or as advised by your vet).

5. Regular Vet Checkup
- Early detection of dental issues prevents severe problems.

07/03/2025

Wedge resection of eye lid tumour in dog
A wedge resection of an eyelid tumor in dogs is a surgical procedure used to remove a mass or lesion from the eyelid while preserving as much normal eyelid function and appearance as possible. This procedure is commonly performed for benign or malignant eyelid tumors, such as meibomian gland adenomas, melanomas, or squamous cell carcinomas.

Indications for Eyelid Wedge Resection
Eyelid tumors: Benign or malignant growths on the eyelid margin.

Trauma: Repair of eyelid lacerations or defects.

Chronic irritation: Removal of lesions causing discomfort or corneal irritation.

Procedure
Preoperative Preparation:

A thorough ophthalmic examination to assess the tumor and its impact on the eye.

Diagnostic tests (e.g., fine-needle aspiration or biopsy) to determine the nature of the tumor.

General anesthesia is administered, and the area around the eye is cleaned and prepped for surgery.

Surgical Steps:

The surgeon uses a scalpel or surgical scissors to make a V-shaped (wedge) incision around the tumor, ensuring clean margins to remove all abnormal tissue.

The incision is carefully planned to minimize distortion of the eyelid margin and maintain normal eyelid function.

The defect is closed using fine sutures (e.g., 6-0 or 7-0 absorbable or non-absorbable sutures) in a two-layer closure:

Deep layer: To close the tarsal plate (if involved).

Superficial layer: To align the skin and eyelid margin.

Care is taken to ensure the eyelid margin is perfectly aligned to prevent notching or irritation to the cornea.

Postoperative Care:

Pain management: Analgesics to control discomfort.

Antibiotics: Topical or systemic antibiotics to prevent infection.

Elizabethan collar: To prevent the dog from scratching or rubbing the eye.

Topical ointments: Lubricating or antibiotic ointments to protect the cornea and promote healing.

Follow-up: Sutures are typically removed in 10–14 days, and the eye is monitored for complications.

Risks and Complications
Eyelid deformity: Improper alignment can lead to notching or entropion/ectropion.

Corneal irritation: If the eyelid margin is not smooth.

Infection: At the surgical site.

Tumor recurrence: If the margins are not clean or the tumor is aggressive.

Scarring: May affect eyelid function or appearance.

Prognosis
Benign tumors: Excellent prognosis with complete excision.

Malignant tumors: Prognosis depends on tumor type, margins, and whether metastasis has occurred. Additional treatments (e.g., cryotherapy, radiation, or chemotherapy) may be needed for aggressive tumors.

21/02/2025

**Cherry eye** is a common condition in dogs where the **third eyelid gland** (also known as the nictitating membrane gland) prolapses and becomes visible as a red, swollen mass in the corner of the eye. This gland is responsible for producing a significant portion of the eye's tear film, and its prolapse can lead to discomfort and secondary eye problems if left untreated.

---
# # # **Causes**

- **Weak Connective Tissue**:
- The gland is held in place by connective tissue. Weakness in this tissue allows the gland to pop out of its normal position.
- **Breed Predisposition**:
- Certain breeds are more prone to cherry eye due to genetic factors, including:
- Bulldogs (English and French).
- Beagles.
- Shih Tzus.
- Cocker Spaniels.
- Lhasa Apsos.
- Boston Terriers.
- Pugs.
- **Age**:
- Most commonly seen in young dogs (under 2 years old).

---
# # # **Symptoms**

- **Red or Pink Mass**:
- A fleshy, cherry-like protrusion in the inner corner of the eye.
- **Eye Irritation**:
- Redness, swelling, or discharge from the affected eye.
- **Excessive Tearing**:
- Due to irritation or impaired tear production.
- **Squinting or Pawing at the Eye**:
- Indicates discomfort or pain.
- **Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)**:
- If the gland is not functioning properly, it can lead to reduced tear production and dry eye.
---
# # # **Treatment**

The goal of treatment is to reposition the gland and restore normal tear production while minimizing the risk of recurrence.

# # # # **Non-Surgical Treatment**
- **Manual Massage**:
- In some cases, the gland can be manually repositioned, but this is often temporary and not a long-term solution.
- **Anti-Inflammatory Eye Drops**:
- To reduce swelling and discomfort, but these do not address the underlying issue.

# # # # **Surgical Treatment**
Surgery is the most effective and commonly recommended treatment for cherry eye. There are two main surgical techniques:

1. **Gland Replacement (Pocket Technique)**:
- The pr*****ed gland is repositioned and secured in its normal location using a small pocket of tissue.
- This technique preserves the gland's function and is the preferred method.

2. **Gland Removal**:
- Historically, the gland was removed, but this is no longer recommended because it can lead to **dry eye** (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), a serious and chronic condition.
- Removal is only considered in rare cases where the gland is severely damaged or non-functional.

---
# # # **Post-Operative Care**
- **Medications**:
- Antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops or ointments to prevent infection and reduce swelling.
- **Elizabethan Collar**:
- To prevent the dog from rubbing or scratching the eye.
- **Follow-Up Visits**:
- To monitor healing and ensure the gland remains in place.
- **Watch for Complications**:
- Signs of infection, recurrence, or dry eye.
---
# # # **Complications**

- **Recurrence**:
- The gland may prolapse again if not properly secured during surgery.
- **Dry Eye**:
- If the gland is damaged or removed, tear production may be reduced, leading to chronic dry eye.
- **Infection**:
- Rare but possible at the surgical site.
---
# # # **Prognosis**

- **With Surgery**:
- Most dogs recover well, and the gland functions normally after being repositioned.
- **Without Treatment**:
- The gland may become chronically inflamed, leading to discomfort, dry eye, or secondary infections.

21/02/2025

**Jaundice** (also known as **icterus**) in animals is a condition characterized by the yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and tissues due to an excessive buildup of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. Jaundice is not a disease itself but rather a symptom of an underlying condition affecting the liver, gallbladder, or red blood cells.

---

# # # **Causes of Jaundice**
Jaundice can result from three main categories of disorders:

1. **Pre-Hepatic (Hemolytic) Causes**:
- Excessive breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) leads to an overload of bilirubin that the liver cannot process.
- Common causes include:
- Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA).
- Blood parasites (e.g., Babesia, Mycoplasma).
- Toxins (e.g., onions, zinc, copper).
- Transfusion reactions.
- Genetic disorders (e.g., pyruvate kinase deficiency in dogs).

2. **Hepatic (Liver) Causes**:
- Liver dysfunction impairs the processing and excretion of bilirubin.
- Common causes include:
- Hepatitis (infectious or toxic).
- Liver cirrhosis or fibrosis.
- Leptospirosis (a bacterial infection).
- Liver cancer or tumors.
- Drug toxicity (e.g., acetaminophen, certain antibiotics).

3. **Post-Hepatic (Obstructive) Causes**:
- Obstruction of the bile ducts prevents bilirubin from being excreted into the intestines.
- Common causes include:
- Gallstones or bile duct stones.
- Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
- Tumors of the gallbladder, bile ducts, or pancreas.
- Bile duct rupture (e.g., due to trauma).

---

# # # **Symptoms**
- **Yellow Discoloration**:
- Most noticeable in the gums, whites of the eyes (sclera), and skin.
- **Lethargy**: Due to underlying illness.
- **Loss of Appetite**: Common with liver disease.
- **Vomiting and Diarrhea**: Especially with liver or pancreatic involvement.
- **Dark Urine**: Due to excess bilirubin being excreted by the kidneys.
- **Pale or Clay-Colored Stools**: Indicates a lack of bilirubin reaching the intestines.
- **Abdominal Pain**: Especially with gallbladder or pancreatic issues.
- **Weight Loss**: In chronic cases.

---

# # # **Diagnosis**
1. **Physical Examination**:
- Observation of yellowing in the mucous membranes and skin.
- Palpation of the abdomen to check for liver enlargement or pain.

2. **Blood Tests**:
- **Complete Blood Count (CBC)**: To check for anemia or infection.
- **Biochemistry Panel**:
- Elevated bilirubin levels.
- Liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST) to assess liver function.
- **Coagulation Tests**: Liver disease can impair blood clotting.

3. **Urinalysis**:
- Bilirubinuria (bilirubin in the urine).
- Dark urine due to high bilirubin levels.

4. **Imaging**:
- *Ultrasound*: To evaluate the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts for abnormalities (e.g., tumors, stones, obstruction).
- *X-rays*: To assess liver size and check for masses.

5. **Additional Tests**:
- *Bile Acid Test*: To assess liver function.
- *Leptospirosis Testing*: If infection is suspected.
- *Biopsy*: Liver biopsy may be needed to diagnose specific liver diseases.

---

# # # **Treatment**
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of jaundice:

1. **Pre-Hepatic Causes**:
- *Immunosuppressive Therapy*: For immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (e.g., corticosteroids).
- *Antiparasitic Drugs*: For blood parasites.
- *Blood Transfusion*: In severe cases of anemia.
- *Remove Toxins*: Stop exposure to toxins and provide supportive care.

2. **Hepatic Causes**:
- *Antibiotics*: For bacterial infections (e.g., leptospirosis).
- *Liver Support Medications*: Such as SAMe, milk thistle, or ursodeoxycholic acid.
- *Dietary Management*: Low-protein, high-quality diets for liver disease.
- *Fluid Therapy*: To maintain hydration and support liver function.

3. **Post-Hepatic Causes**:
- *Surgery*: To remove gallstones, tumors, or repair bile duct obstructions.
- **Pancreatitis Treatment**: Fluid therapy, pain management, and anti-nausea medications.

4. *Supportive Care*:
- **Nutritional Support**: Easily digestible, high-calorie diets.
- **Anti-Nausea Medications**: To manage vomiting.
- **Vitamin Supplementation**: Especially vitamin K if clotting is impaired.

---

# # # **Prognosis**
- Depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
- Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes.
- Conditions like immune-mediated hemolytic anemia or leptospirosis can be managed with appropriate treatment.
- Advanced liver disease or cancer may have a guarded prognosis.

---

# # # **Prevention**
- Vaccinate against preventable diseases (e.g., leptospirosis in dogs).
- Avoid exposure to toxins (e.g., certain plants, chemicals, medications).
- Regular veterinary check-ups to detect and manage underlying conditions early.

21/02/2025

In rabbits, issues related to **molar teeth growth** and **eye damage** can be interconnected due to the unique anatomy of their skull. Rabbits have continuously growing teeth (hypsodont teeth), and problems with their molars can sometimes lead to secondary issues, including eye damage.

---

# # # # **Causes of Molar Problems**
1. **Malocclusion**:
- Misalignment of the teeth, preventing normal wear.
- Can be genetic or acquired (e.g., due to trauma or improper diet).
2. **Dietary Issues**:
- Lack of fibrous foods (e.g., hay) reduces natural wear of the teeth.
- Diets high in pellets or soft foods do not provide enough abrasion.
3. **Dental Disease**:
- Infections or abscesses in the teeth or jawbone.
4. **Trauma**:
- Injury to the jaw or teeth can disrupt normal tooth growth.

# # # # **How Molar Problems Cause Eye Damage**
1. **Tooth Root Overgrowth**:
- The roots of the upper molars can grow upward into the skull, putting pressure on the tear ducts or eye sockets.
- This can lead to:
- **Epiphora** (excessive tearing).
- **Dacryocystitis** (infection of the tear ducts).
- **Orbital Abscesses** (infections around the eye).
2. **Abscesses**:
- Dental abscesses can spread to the eye area, causing swelling, pain, and vision problems.
3. **Nerve Damage**:
- Pressure from overgrown teeth or abscesses can damage nerves controlling the eye.

# # # # **Symptoms of Eye Damage**
- **Watery Eyes**:
- Due to blocked tear ducts.
- **Redness or Swelling**:
- Around the eyes or eyelids.
- **Discharge**:
- Pus or mucus from the eyes.
- **Bulging Eyes**:
- Caused by pressure from abscesses or tooth roots.
- **Squinting or Pawing at the Eyes**:
- Indicates pain or discomfort.
- **Vision Loss**:
- In severe cases.

---

# # # **Diagnosis**
1. **Physical Examination**:
- A veterinarian will check the teeth, eyes, and facial structures for abnormalities.
2. **Dental Exam**:
- Sedation or anesthesia may be required to fully examine the molars and identify overgrowth, malocclusion, or abscesses.
3. **Imaging**:
- **X-rays** or **CT scans** to assess tooth root growth, abscesses, or bone damage.
4. **Eye Exam**:
- To evaluate tear duct function, check for infections, and assess overall eye health.

---

# # # **Treatment**
1. **Dental Treatment**:
- **Tooth Trimming**: Regular filing or trimming of overgrown molars under anesthesia.
- **Extraction**: Severely affected teeth may need to be removed.
- **Abscess Drainage**: Surgical removal of abscesses and infected tissue.
2. **Eye Treatment**:
- **Antibiotics**: For bacterial infections (topical or systemic).
- **Tear Duct Flushing**: To clear blockages.
- **Pain Management**: Anti-inflammatory or pain-relief medications.
3. **Dietary Changes**:
- Increase hay and fibrous foods to promote natural tooth wear.
- Reduce pellets and soft foods.
4. **Supportive Care**:
- Assist feeding if the rabbit is not eating.
- Provide a stress-free environment for recovery.

---

# # # **Prevention**
- **Proper Diet**:
- Provide unlimited hay (e.g., timothy hay) to encourage natural tooth wear.
- Limit pellets and avoid sugary treats.
- **Regular Dental Check-ups**:
- Have your rabbit's teeth examined by a veterinarian at least once a year.
- **Monitor for Symptoms**:
- Watch for signs of dental or eye problems and seek veterinary care promptly.

---

# # # **Prognosis**
- Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes.
- Chronic dental issues or advanced abscesses may require long-term management.
- Eye damage caused by dental problems can often be resolved if the underlying dental issue is treated.

21/02/2025

**Castration** (also known as **neutering**) of a male rabbit is a common surgical procedure to remove the testicles. It is performed for behavioral, health, and population control reasons. Neutering is generally safe and offers several benefits for pet rabbits.

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# # # **Reasons for Castration**

1. **Behavioral Improvement**:
- Reduces aggression, territorial marking, and mounting behavior.
- Makes rabbits calmer and easier to handle.
2. **Prevention of Unwanted Breeding**:
- Essential if housing male and female rabbits together.
3. **Health Benefits**:
- Reduces the risk of testicular cancer (though rare in rabbits).
- Prevents reproductive-related infections or injuries.
4. **Socialization**:
- Neutered males are more likely to get along with other rabbits, making bonding easier.

---
# # # **Ideal Age for Castration**

- **4–6 Months Old**:
- Rabbits are typically sexually mature by this age.
- Younger rabbits may have smaller testicles, making the procedure more challenging.
- **Older Rabbits**:
- Neutering can still be performed but may carry slightly higher risks due to age-related health issues.

---
# # # **Pre-Surgical Preparation**

1. **Veterinary Examination**:
- Ensure the rabbit is healthy and a good candidate for surgery.
- Blood tests may be recommended to check organ function.
2. **Fasting**:
- Unlike dogs and cats, rabbits should **not** be fasted before surgery.
- Their digestive systems require a constant intake of food to function properly.
3. **Stress Reduction**:
- Keep the rabbit in a quiet, comfortable environment before the procedure.

---
# # # **Surgical Procedure**

1. **Anesthesia**:
- Rabbits are given general anesthesia to ensure they are unconscious and pain-free during the procedure.
- Gas anesthesia (e.g., isoflurane or sevoflurane) is commonly used.
2. **Surgical Technique**:
- A small incision is made in the sc***um or just in front of it.
- The testicles are removed, and the blood vessels and spermatic cords are ligated (tied off).
- The incision is closed with absorbable sutures or surgical glue.
3. **Duration**:
- The procedure typically takes 20–30 minutes.

---
# # # **Post-Operative Care**

1. **Pain Management**:
- Rabbits are given pain relief medications (e.g., meloxicam) to ensure comfort during recovery.
2. **Monitoring**:
- Keep the rabbit warm and monitor for signs of complications (e.g., bleeding, lethargy, or lack of appetite).
3. **Diet**:
- Offer the rabbit its favorite foods (e.g., hay, fresh greens) to encourage eating.
- Ensure access to fresh water at all times.
4. **Activity Restriction**:
- Limit activity for 5–7 days to allow proper healing.
- Provide a quiet, confined space for recovery.
5. **Incision Care**:
- Check the incision site daily for signs of infection (e.g., redness, swelling, discharge).
- Prevent the rabbit from licking or chewing the incision (an Elizabethan collar may be necessary).

---
# # # **Risks and Complications**

- **Anesthesia Risks**:
- Rabbits are sensitive to anesthesia, but modern techniques and monitoring have made it very safe.
- **Infection**:
- Rare but possible at the incision site.
- **Bleeding**:
- Uncommon but can occur if blood vessels are not properly ligated.
- **Suture Reaction**:
- Some rabbits may develop a mild reaction to absorbable sutures.

---
# # # **Recovery Time**

- Most rabbits recover fully within 7–10 days.
- Full behavioral changes (e.g., reduced aggression) may take 4–6 weeks as hormone levels decrease..

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21/02/2025

Extra growth in the **incisor teeth** of rabbits is a common dental issue due to their **elodont dentition**, meaning their teeth grow continuously throughout their lives. If the incisors become overgrown, it can lead to serious health problems, including difficulty eating, pain, and secondary infections. Here's a detailed explanation of the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for extra growth in rabbit incisors:

---

# # # **Causes of Overgrown Incisors in Rabbits:**
1. **Malocclusion (Misalignment of Teeth):**
- The most common cause of overgrown incisors is malocclusion, where the upper and lower incisors do not align properly. This prevents normal wear and allows the teeth to grow excessively.
- Malocclusion can be **congenital** (present from birth) or **acquired** (due to trauma, injury, or improper wear).

2. **Lack of Proper Wear:**
- Rabbits need a diet high in fibrous hay and chewable materials to naturally wear down their teeth. A diet lacking in fiber can lead to overgrowth.
- Lack of chew toys or hard surfaces to gnaw on can also contribute to the problem.

3. **Genetic Factors:**
- Some rabbits are genetically predisposed to dental issues, including malocclusion and overgrown teeth.

4. **Trauma or Injury:**
- Injury to the jaw or teeth can disrupt normal tooth alignment and growth, leading to overgrown incisors.

5. **Secondary to Cheek Teeth Problems:**
- Overgrown or misaligned cheek teeth (molars and premolars) can alter the way the jaw closes, indirectly causing incisor overgrowth.

---

# # # **Symptoms of Overgrown Incisors:**
- Difficulty picking up or chewing food
- Dropping food or refusing to eat
- Weight loss or reduced appetite
- Drooling or wet fur around the mouth (due to inability to close the mouth properly)
- Visible overgrowth or curling of the incisors
- Swelling or lumps on the face or jaw (if an abscess forms)
- Reduced grooming or a messy appearance

---

# # # **Diagnosis:**
A veterinarian experienced with rabbits will:
1. Perform a **physical examination** of the mouth and teeth.
2. Use **dental instruments** to assess the alignment and length of the incisors.
3. Take **X-rays** to evaluate the roots of the teeth and check for underlying issues, such as abscesses or bone damage.

---

# # # **Treatment for Overgrown Incisors:**
1. **Tooth Trimming or Filing:**
- The vet will carefully trim or file down the overgrown incisors using specialized tools. This is a painless procedure if done correctly.
- **Note:** Never attempt to trim your rabbit's teeth at home, as this can cause injury or stress.

2. **Tooth Extraction:**
- In severe cases of malocclusion, the incisors may need to be surgically removed. Rabbits can adapt well to life without incisors, as they can use their lips and tongue to pick up food.

3. **Dietary Adjustments:**
- Provide a diet high in **hay** (e.g., timothy hay) to encourage natural tooth wear.
- Offer fibrous vegetables and safe chew toys to help maintain dental health.

4. **Pain Management:**
- If the rabbit is in pain, the vet may prescribe pain relief or anti-inflammatory medications.

5. **Regular Dental Check-ups:**
- Rabbits with dental issues require frequent veterinary visits (every 4-6 weeks) to monitor and manage tooth growth.

---

# # # **Prevention:**
- **Provide a High-Fiber Diet:** Hay should make up 80-90% of a rabbit's diet to ensure proper tooth wear.
- **Offer Chew Toys:** Safe wooden toys, cardboard, or untreated willow branches can help wear down teeth.
- **Regular Veterinary Check-ups:** Early detection of dental issues can prevent complications.
- **Monitor Eating Habits:** Watch for changes in appetite or difficulty eating, which may indicate dental problems.

---

# # # **Important Notes:**
- Overgrown incisors can lead to secondary issues like **abscesses**, **mouth sores**, or **gastrointestinal stasis** (due to reduced food intake). Prompt treatment is essential.
- If your rabbit has congenital malocclusion, it will likely require lifelong dental care.

If you notice any signs of overgrown incisors or other dental issues in your rabbit, consult a rabbit-savvy veterinarian as soon as possible.

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