Prevention, treatment and control of CBPP in cattle

Prevention, treatment and control of CBPP in cattle Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an insidious pneumonic disease of cattle sometimes refer

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is one of the great plagues which continue to devastate cattle herds on which so many people are dependent in Africa. In recent years the disease has emerged from areas where it has been persisting in endemic form to reinvade others from which it had previously been eradicated. In addition to these newly-infected areas, even the endemic areas are experienci

ng an upsurge in the incidence of CBPP. Recent dramatic events confirm that early recognition of the disease after its introduction or reintroduction to a country, or previously free zone of an infected country, is essential if control and elimination is to be achieved rapidly. Only if the introduction is detected rapidly can stamping out by slaughter of infected herds, undoubtedly the most cost-effective option in the long term, be considered an affordable strategy for many countries. Because of the nature of the disease any delay can result in widespread dispersal of infection complicating and greatly increasing the costs of any control measures adopted. Vigilance is required whether it be at the national or district level to ensure that the disease does not escape detection. This manual presents the most important features of CBPP to enable the disease to be recognised both by clinical and post-mortem examination. It is intended for use by all veterinary and paraveterinary staff in the front line of defence against the disease and also to assist in informing farmers of the risk.

Infection spreads by aerosol from cough, by direct contact with infected animals, or through placenta to the unborn calf...
14/01/2023

Infection spreads by aerosol from cough, by direct contact with infected animals, or through placenta to the unborn calf. Fomites are not a major source of transmission.

Clinical signs
The incubation period is one to three months. A few cattle may die of peracute disease with no symptoms other than fever. Acute symptoms include fever, lethargy, cough, extended necks and laboured breathing, and loss of appetite and milk production. Calves may develop arthritis and lameness. After initial acute faze, the infection often becomes chronic.

Control
Outbreaks are eradicated with quarantines, slaughter of infected and in-contact animals, and cleaning and disinfection. Vaccines are available and have helped to control the disease in endemic areas.

CBPP is endemic in Africa in areas between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.Impact CBPP can cause loses ...
14/01/2023

CBPP is endemic in Africa in areas between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

Impact
CBPP can cause loses from 20% to up to 80%. Morbidity and mortality vary between different pathogen strains. Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) affects 27 countries in Africa at an estimated annual cost of US $2 billion.

A live, attenuated vaccine is currently the only viable option to control of CBPP in Africa. It has been suggested that ...
06/10/2022

A live, attenuated vaccine is currently the only viable option to control of CBPP in Africa. It has been suggested that simple modifications to current vaccines and protocols might improve efficacy in the field. In this report we compared the current vaccine formulation with a buffered preparation that maintains Mycoplasma viability at ambient temperature for a longer time. Groups of animals were vaccinated with the two formulations and compared with non vaccinated groups. Half of the animals in each group were challenged 3 months post vaccination, the other half after 16 months. Protection levels were measured using the pathology index, calculated from post mortem scores of lesions from animals killed during the course of clinical disease. In the challenge at 3 months post vaccination, the protection levels were 52% and 77% for the modified and current vaccine preparations, respectively. At 16 months post vaccination, the protection levels were 56% and 62% for the modified and current vaccine preparations, respectively. These findings indicate that there are no differences in protection levels between the two vaccines. Because of its longer half life after reconstitution, the modified vaccine might be preferred in field situations where the reconstituted vaccine is likely not to be administered immediately.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccines are routinely used only in Africa. The vaccines are usually produced f...
06/10/2022

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccines are routinely used only in Africa. The vaccines are usually produced from one of two strains (T1/44 and KH3J), each of which has a streptomycin-resistant variant. The necessity for a 'master seed strain' is evident. At least one manufacturer in Africa produces a broth culture vaccine, while others produce a freeze-dried product. A standardised manufacturing protocol needs to be developed, together with in-process and final product quality control procedures. Some CBPP vaccine manufacturing procedures do not allow sufficient leeway for the ex*****on of typical quality control practices. For example, it is difficult to perform batch testing on broth culture vaccine, as the vaccine is produced in its final container. Quality control test results from the Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre (PANVAC) are analysed in terms of causes of batch failure and indicators for process development. Taking potency as an example, most vaccine batches tested by PANVAC pass only at the limit of the OIE minimum requirement of 10(7) colony-forming units per dose. To improve the titre of the vaccine, it will be necessary to modify the manufacturing process, either by increasing mycoplasma yield during the culture phase or by minimising losses during downstream processes, especially freeze-drying. Data on inactivated vaccines are scarce. Duration of the immunity achieved with live CBPP vaccines is relatively short, in comparison with other live vaccines. Data may be required on the molecular basis of virulence and immunogenicity, as well as on the molecular immunology of CBPP, to enable the development of improved vaccines.

The disease is reportable by law in many countries from which it has been eradicated by slaughter of all infected and ex...
09/09/2022

The disease is reportable by law in many countries from which it has been eradicated by slaughter of all infected and exposed animals. In countries where cattle movement can readily be restricted, the disease can be eradicated by quarantine, blood testing, and slaughter. Where cattle cannot be confined, the spread of infection can be limited by immunization with attenuated vaccine (eg, T1/44 strain). However, the vaccine is effective only if herd coverage within a country is high. Tracing the source of infected cattle detected at abattoirs, blood testing, and imposition of strict rules for cattle movement also can aid in control of the disease in such areas.

Treatment is recommended only in endemic areas because the organisms may not be eliminated, and carriers may develop. Ty...
09/09/2022

Treatment is recommended only in endemic areas because the organisms may not be eliminated, and carriers may develop. Tylosin (10 mg/kg, IM, bid, for six injections) and danofloxacin 2.5% (2.5 mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days) have been reported to be effective.

13/07/2022

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are major infectious diseases of ruminants caused by mycoplasmas in Africa and Asia. In contrast with the limited pathology in the respiratory tract of humans infected with mycoplasmas, CBPP and CCPP are devastating diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Beyond their obvious impact on animal health, CBPP and CCPP negatively impact the livelihood and wellbeing of a substantial proportion of livestock-dependent people affecting their culture, economy, trade and nutrition. The causative agents of CBPP and CCPP are Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides and Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae, respectively, which have been eradicated in most of the developed world. The current vaccines used for disease control consist of a live attenuated CBPP vaccine and a bacterin vaccine for CCPP, which were developed in the 1960s and 1980s, respectively. Both of these vaccines have many limitations, so better vaccines are urgently needed to improve disease control. In this article the research community prioritized biomedical research needs related to challenge models, rational vaccine design and protective immune responses. Therefore, we scrutinized the current vaccines as well as the challenge-, pathogenicity- and immunity models. We highlight research gaps and provide recommendations towards developing safer and more efficacious vaccines against CBPP and CCPP.

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