03/02/2024
Newcastle Disease: A Threat to Poultry Flocks Worldwide
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious and often- fatal viral disease, affecting poultry including with really wide range of species. It has got a vital economic and public health concern due to rapid spread, potential for severe outbreaks, and the zoonotic potential. Understanding of the disease is very essential in preventing and controlling.
Aetiology:
The causative agent of ND is the Newcastle disease virus, a single stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus "Paramyxovirus". The virus exists in different strains from high pathogenic (causing severe disease) to low pathogenic (producing mild or no symptoms).
Pathogenesis:
It primarily accesses the host through the respiratory tract or conjunctiva, and it has been observed to replicate in several tissues like the respiratory epithelium, gastrointestinal tract, and the nervous system. This perhaps accounts for the very typical destruction and poor function disease-state that easily becomes systemic.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms:
Clinical signs can sway depending on the virus strain and type of bird species involved. Common clinical signs include:
_Respiration: Dyspnea, gasping, coughing, caries.
_Nervous: Tremors, torticollis, paralysis, seizures.
_Digestion: Diarrhea, green droppings, anorexia, weight loss.
_Oculi: Eyelid swellings, conjunctivitis, blindness.
Diagnosis:
The early and correct diagnosis becomes the most important factors in controlling such outbreaks. Modes include:
_Clinical examination: With characteristic signs along with history of exposure.
_Laboratory testing: Viral isolation, antigen detection tests like ELISA, PCR for sensitive and specific confirmation.
Treatment:
Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for ND. Supportive care in the form of fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics for secondary infections can be given.
Prevention and Control:
As the disease has no cure, prevention and control strategies are important which include:
Regular vaccination of poultry flocks against Newcastle disease, with appropriate vaccines, constitute the main stay of prevention.
Rigorous biosecurity measures like ensuring no contact with wild birds, proper disposal of carcasses, hygiene protocols go a long way in reducing transmission risk.
Reporting: Prompt reporting of suspected cases to veterinary authorities enables swift action to contain outbreaks.
Always consult your Veterinarian for proper cares
Benoit Temayeu
References:
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE): https://www.woah.org/en/home/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): https://phil.cdc.gov/details.aspx?pid=12989
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): https://www.fao.org/animal-health/en
