04/16/2026
๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐, a new species of poison dart frog (Dendrobatidae), is described from the Amazonian lowland forests in western Brazil and southeastern Peru. This species was formerly considered to be an outlying population of ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐ on the southern periphery of its distribution. The authors analyse new and existing phylogenomic data and infer that the new species is neither part of nor closely related to ๐
. ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐, but is a sister to a clade including ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ and a lineage referred to here as ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐๐. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐.
๐ฅ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ง๐ถ๐๐น๐ฒ
Revisiting the systematics of the ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐ complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with the description of a new species from the Fitzcarrald Arch of Peru and Brazil
Paywall - https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5793.1.2
๐๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป
Brown, J.L., Geralds, B., Moraes, L.J.C.L., Granados-Martรญnez, S., May, R.V., Muell, M.R., Guillory, W.X. & Twomey, E. (2026) Revisiting the systematics of the ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐ complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with the description of a new species from the Fitzcarrald Arch of Peru and Brazil. Zootaxa, 5793 (1), 42โ60. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5793.1.2
๐๐ฏ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐
A new species of ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ from Amazonian lowland forests in western Brazil and southeastern Peru is described and named. This species was formerly considered to be an outlying population of ๐
. ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐ on the southern periphery of its distribution.
We analyze new and existing phylogenomic data and infer that the new species is not part of nor closely related to ๐
. ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐, but is sister to a clade including ๐
. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ and a lineage referred to here as ๐
. ๐๐๐. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐. The new species can be distinguished from all other ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ by its distinctive color pattern, with thin yellow stripes on the dorsum, complete dorsolateral stripes, a complete labial stripe, and a single middorsal stripe that extends from the vent, forks into two stripes anterior to the orbital sockets and merges with dorsolateral stripes, forming a large yellow ring on the top of snout.
There are four ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ species that look similar and co-occur in the general distribution of the new species (๐
. โ๐ค๐๐ก๐, ๐
. ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ , ๐
. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ , and ๐
. ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐). The new species can be distinguished from all of them by the combination of a complete middorsal stripe and a round black rostral spot.
Given the few and temporally scattered known records, the new species appears to be naturally rare, which raises concern regarding its conservation status.
๐๐๐๐บ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐
The specific epithet, โ๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐โ, is derived from the Yaminawรก adjective Icฬapa-ma (pronounced ee-cha-pa-ma) meaning โrareโ or โfewโ. Here, we use the Yaminawรก language to honour the Yaminawรก Indigenous people who once occupied much of the range of this species throughout western Brazil and southeastern Peru. The name references the rarity of this species, given its known distribution. Despite ongoing research efforts throughout its range, this species remains one of the most elusive ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐. The name is an invariable noun in apposition to the genus name.
๐ฃ๐ต๐ผ๐๐ผ ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐ถ๐
Top - ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐ sp. nov. - journal cover image for study.
Bottom left - ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐ sp. nov. from A) Porto Walter, Brazil (paratopotype MPEG 12394, photo J.P. Caldwell) and from B) Los Amigos Biological Station, Peru (paratype MUSM 21068, photo RvM). C) and D) Terra firme forest similar to where the only observed specimen of ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐ sp. nov. from Peru was found (C. Mathias Tobler, D. Jennifer M. Jacobs, 2007). The habitat photos were taken approximately 2 km from the discovery location; however, it is similar in appearance to that shown (RvM unpublished data).
Bottom right - Visual comparison to eleven similar-looking or closely related ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐. ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐ sp. nov. possess: i) a large black spot on the rostrum (absent in other species, often present in ๐
. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ and ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ง๐๐๐๐๐); ii) a uniform colored yellow middorsal stripe that extends from the vent to between eyes (also present in ๐
. ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ , ๐
. โ๐ค๐๐ก๐, and typically absent in ๐
. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ) that is roughly the same width across dorsum (iia vs. iib; vs. in some populations of ๐
. ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐ the stripe at iib is ca. 2x wider than iia and typically bicolored) and splits anterior to eyes fusing with labial stripe (absent in ๐
. ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ , ๐
. โ๐ค๐๐ก๐, ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ง๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ฃ๐๐ก๐ก๐๐ก๐); iii) an oblique lateral stripe that is identical to ventral coloration (vs. different color than venter coloration in ๐
. ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ง๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ , ๐
. โ๐ค๐๐ก๐); iv) occasionally, the dorsolateral and oblique lateral stripes connect (not typically observed in other species, with exception to some morphs of ๐
. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ (not pictured)); v) large yellow spot on center of venter absent (vs. present in ๐
. ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ), and vi) two pairs of smaller gular spots on throat (single pair in ๐
. ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐, ๐
. ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ; absent in ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ฃ๐๐ก๐ก๐๐ก๐, ๐
. ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ , ๐
. โ๐ค๐๐ก๐) as well as a central gular spot between posterior gular spot pair (typically absent in ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ง๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ฃ๐๐ก๐ก๐๐ก๐, ๐
. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐, ๐
. ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐
. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ , ๐
. ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ , ๐
. โ๐ค๐๐ก๐). Locality of photos and photo credits: ๐
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐ sp. nov. (Los Amigos Biological Station, PE; RvM), ๐
. ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐ (Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve along Quebrada Blanco, PE; JLB), ๐
. ๐๐๐. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ (Tournavista, PE; Tilo Henning), ๐
. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ (Shucushuyacu, PE; ET and JLB), ๐
. ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐ (dorsal: Humaitรก, Amazonas, BR; P. I. Simรตes, ventral: near Boca do Acre, Amazonas, BR; M. B. Souza), ๐
. ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ (Los Amigos Biological Station, PE; JLB), ๐
. โ๐ค๐๐ก๐ (Reserva Extrativista Arapixi, Amazonas, BR; P. R. Melo-Sampaio), ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ฃ๐๐ก๐ก๐๐ก๐, Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve along Quebrada Blanco, PE; JLB), ๐
. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ โleft (nearby Contamana, PE; JLB), ๐
. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ โright (Callanayacu, PE; JLB), ๐
. ๐๐๐๐ง๐๐๐๐๐ (nearby Iquitos, PE; JLB), ๐
, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ (near Puerto Cรณrdoba, CO; JLB).
Copyright ยฉ 2026 the Author(s). Published in the Zootaxa journal.