23/09/2024
Some great advice as we head into foaling season!!
Are you expecting a foal this season? These are quick checks on your foal that should be performed at least once a day to ensure that any abnormality is picked up promptly.
Foal's first week of life
🌱 Did your foal obtain sufficient amounts of colostrum? Colostrum is vital for newborns as it contains maternal antibodies that protects the foal while its immune system is developing. Colostrum has to be ingested within 24 hours of birth to be of any benefit. Foals that do not receive adequate colostrum or poor quality colostrum may succumb to infection and become septic. There is a simple in-field blood test that can be performed to determine if your foal has adequate levels of antibodies (IgG). This test is usually performed after 12-24 hours of birth. Foals that should have this test include (but not limited to) foals that are slow to nurse, foals born to mares that may have poor quality colostrum (maidens), or mares that have dripped milk days leading up to foaling.
🌱 Is foal nursing appropriately? Observe and get up close on the other side of the mare to determine if the foal is latched onto the teat properly and making drinking noises. Take note if there is milk coming out through the nostrils which may indicate a cleft palate. If the foal will allow you, place a hand just along the underside of the neck and you will feel the milk going down the oesophagus. Failing to find the teat or not latching on appropriately are the first indications of a "dummy foal" and require immediate veterinary attention. Foals will become weak and dehydrated very quickly if they fail to nurse adequately every couple of hours. A "dummy foal" or a "septic foal" may take up to 48 hours after birth to be apparent, so it is important to monitor them closely in the first few days of life.
🌱 Is foal getting up, laying down and ambulating well? Observe your foal walking, trotting, cantering around for any sign of lameness. Have a feel of all the joints in his limbs (all four) and familiarise yourself with their size and how they feel. Take notice if there is any heat or swelling in any joint which may indicate an infection. Joint sepsis in foals are not uncommon and requires immediate treatment.
🌱 Have you noticed your foal urinating and defecating? Newborn foals may not produce urine in the first 12 hours of life. Foals usually urinate after they have had a drink or after they get up from a sleep. Their urine should be straw coloured and flow freely. Any darkening of colour or thick syrupy urine is abnormal. The first pile of faeces a newborn should pass within the first 24 hours is called meconium. They appear as dark brown/black pellets and should be a cupful in volume in total. Milk faeces that follow after that is usually a lighter brown and more paste like in consistency. Failure to pass meconium ie meconium impaction can lead to more serious issues.
🌱 Check the umbilicus. The umbilicus of a foal is located further back along the belly than you would expect. Is it dry? Or is it wet/moist, enlarged or has a constant wet patch around it? Some foals may have a patent umbilicus, which means that the duct connecting the urinary bladder and the umbilical cord is still open. Urine can be seen dripping from the umbilicus when they urinate, or there may be a constantly wet patch of hair around it. A patent umbilicus may sometimes indicate an infection (sepsis) and resolve once the infection is treated, or may require surgical intervention.
If you have any concerns about your foal or need more advice on your foal's health and well being, reach out to your vet. Addressing concerns and issues promptly may save your foal's life!