09/01/2026
Urolithiasis - or urinary calculi often called “water belly”, is one of the most serious and often devastating emergencies seen in male goats and sheep. Without fast treatment, it can quickly become fatal.
What is urolithiasis?
Urolithiasis occurs when mineral stones form in the urinary tract. These stones can block urine flow, causing severe pain and rapid deterioration.
Male goats (especially wethers) and male sheep are most at risk because they have a long, narrow urethra that easily becomes blocked.
Why does it happen?
Urinary stones develop due to a combination of factors, including:
• Imbalanced diets (especially high grain or pellets)
• Incorrect calcium to phosphorus ratios
• Limited or poor-quality water intake
• Early castration, which limits normal urethral development
• Changes in urine pH
However, even well-managed animals can be affected.
Where do stones get stuck?
Stones commonly lodge in narrow sections of the urethra, especially the urethral process, a small, hair-like extension at the tip of the p***s. This is often the first site of blockage. See attached photo of a tiny stone lodged at the end of the process.
Why this is an emergency?
Once urine flow is blocked, pressure rapidly builds in the bladder. Without urgent treatment, the bladder or urethra can rupture, which is fatal.
Treatment
• Early cases may respond to dietary changes and medications
• Amputating the urethral process may provide some benefit but many stones remain in the bladder and they may re-block.
• Almost all completely obstructed animals require surgery to survive (which is expensive)
Prevention
1. Castrate later in life
2. Increase water intake
3. Diet modification - avoid grains as they are high in phosphorus and low in calcium
4. Acidify the urine - stop sodium bicarbonate supplements, in animals with a history of urinary calculi, supplementation with ammonium chloride may help dissolve stones and prevent recurrence.