Veterinary doctor

02/01/2026

𝑷𝒉𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 (𝑽𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)

The male reproductive system plays a central role in animal production, fertility management, and genetic improvement. A clear understanding of its physiology is essential for every veterinary doctor working with domestic or wild animals.

Primary Functions
The main functions of the male reproductive system are:
1) Production of s***matozoa
2) Secretion of male s*x hormones
3) Delivery of viable s***m into the female reproductive tract

𝑲𝒆𝒚 𝑷𝒉𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

1. 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒔
The te**es are the primary reproductive organs. They perform two vital physiological functions:
• 𝙎𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙨: the production of s***m cells within the seminiferous tubules
• 𝙃𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙨𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣: mainly testosterone, produced by Leydig cells

Testicular temperature regulation (via the sc***um and pampiniform plexus) is critical, as s***m production requires a temperature lower than body temperature.

2. 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔
S***matogenesis is a continuous, hormone-dependent process that includes:

• Mitotic division of s***matogonia
• Meiotic division to form haploid s***m cells
• S***miogenesis (maturation into motile s***matozoa)

This process is regulated mainly by 𝙁𝙎𝙃 and 𝙩𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙚.

3. 𝑬𝒑𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒎𝒊𝒔
The epididymis is responsible for:
• S***m maturation
• Acquisition of motility
• Short-term storage of s***m

Without proper epididymal function, s***m may be produced but remain infertile.

4. 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝑺𝒆𝒙 𝑮𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒔
These glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands) produce seminal plasma, which:
• Provides energy for s***m
• Buffers pH
• Enhances s***m motility and survival

5. 𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
The male reproductive system is controlled by the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal (HPG) axis:
• 𝙂𝙣𝙍𝙃 stimulates the pituitary gland
• 𝙇𝙃 stimulates testosterone production
• 𝙁𝙎𝙃 supports s***matogenesis

Testosterone is essential for libido, secondary s*x characteristics, and normal reproductive behavior.

6. 𝑬𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
These processes are coordinated by the nervous system:
• 𝙀𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣: mainly parasympathetic control
• 𝙀𝙟𝙖𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣: sympathetic control and muscular contractions

𝑽𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
• Diagnosis and treatment of male infertility
• Artificial insemination programs
• Herd fertility improvement
• Conservation breeding of endangered species

Understanding male reproductive physiology is not only important for farm animals but also for wildlife conservation and zoo medicine.

𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆):
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Guidelines on the Use of Reproductive Technologies for Conservation and Management of Animal Populations, IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group.

31/12/2025

𝑨𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝑨𝑰) 𝒊𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒔

🐄 Introduction

Artificial Insemination (AI) is one of the most important reproductive technologies used in modern veterinary practice. It involves the deliberate introduction of semen into the female reproductive tract without natural mating, using scientific methods. AI has greatly improved genetic quality, reproductive efficiency, and disease control in farm animals.

🧬 What is Artificial Insemination?

Artificial Insemination is the process of:

Collecting semen from a selected healthy male

Processing and preserving it under controlled conditions

Depositing it into the female reproductive tract at the correct time of estrus

AI is commonly used in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses.

✅ Advantages of Artificial Insemination
1️⃣ Genetic Improvement

Semen from highly superior males can be used in many females

Rapid improvement of milk yield, growth rate, and fertility

2️⃣ Disease Control

Prevents transmission of venereal diseases such as trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis

3️⃣ Cost-Effective

Farmers do not need to keep breeding males

One ej*****te can inseminate hundreds of females

4️⃣ Better Record Keeping

Accurate breeding dates

Improved pregnancy diagnosis and calving management

⏰ Importance of Correct Timing

The success of AI depends mainly on proper heat detection.

Best time for insemination in cows:
12 hours after the onset of standing heat

Incorrect timing is one of the main causes of AI failure

❌ Common Causes of AI Failure

Poor heat detection

Incorrect semen handling and storage

Improper insemination technique

Poor nutrition and negative energy balance

Uterine infections and reproductive disorders

🩺 Role of the Veterinarian

A veterinarian ensures:

Proper selection of animals

Accurate estrus detection

Hygienic and correct insemination technique

Management of post-insemination care

🐑 AI vs Natural Mating
Artificial Insemination Natural Mating
Better genetics Limited genetics
Disease control High disease risk
Lower long-term cost High maintenance cost
Needs skill & training No special skill
🔚 Conclusion

Artificial Insemination is a powerful, safe, and economical tool for improving livestock productivity. However, its success depends on good management, proper nutrition, skilled technicians, and correct timing. AI should always be used as part of a complete reproductive management program, not as a single solution.

📚 References

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). Sustainable Livestock Breeding and Animal Health Management.
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30/12/2025

𝙋𝒓𝙤𝒍𝙖𝒑𝙨𝒆 𝒊𝙣 𝘾𝒂𝙩𝒕𝙡𝒆: 𝘼 𝘾𝒍𝙞𝒏𝙞𝒄𝙖𝒍𝙡𝒚 𝑺𝙞𝒈𝙣𝒊𝙛𝒊𝙘𝒂𝙣𝒕 𝑹𝙚𝒑𝙧𝒐𝙙𝒖𝙘𝒕𝙞𝒗𝙚 𝘿𝒊𝙨𝒐𝙧𝒅𝙚𝒓

Prolapse in cattle is a frequently encountered reproductive disorder, particularly during the late stages of pregnancy and immediately after calving. It occurs when internal reproductive organs lose their normal anatomical support and become displaced through the v***a, exposing sensitive tissues to the external environment. This condition is of great concern due to its impact on animal welfare, productivity, and survival.

Types of Prolapse in Cattle
1. Vaginal Prolapse

Vaginal prolapse typically develops before parturition, most commonly in the last trimester of gestation. In this condition, part of the va**nal wall, and occasionally the cervix, protrudes outside the v***a.

Contributing factors include:

Hormonal changes associated with late pregnancy

Increased abdominal pressure due to the growing fetus

Excess body condition and lack of exercise

Genetic susceptibility in certain breeds

Feeding bulky or poor-quality roughage

Clinical appearance:
The pr*****ed tissue appears as a soft, moist, pink mass which may enlarge with straining. If left unattended, it can become traumatized, contaminated, or necrotic.

2. Uterine Prolapse

Uterine prolapse is a true veterinary emergency that occurs after calving, often within a few hours. The uterus becomes completely everted and may hang below the hocks.

Common predisposing causes:

Prolonged or difficult labor

Hypocalcemia leading to reduced uterine tone

Excessive traction during assisted delivery

Continuous straining after parturition

Why it is dangerous:
Uterine prolapse can rapidly lead to shock, hemorrhage, and fatal infections if not treated promptly. Delay in intervention significantly worsens prognosis.

Therapeutic Approach

Successful management depends on timely and skilled veterinary intervention, including:

Thorough cleansing and protection of exposed tissues

Epidural anesthesia to reduce abdominal straining

Careful and complete replacement of the organ

Application of retention sutures when indicated

Supportive treatment with fluids, calcium, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs

Preventive Strategies

Maintain balanced nutrition during late pregnancy

Avoid over-conditioning of pregnant cows

Ensure adequate mineral supplementation

Apply proper obstetrical techniques during calving

Monitor high-risk animals closely

Practical Message for Farmers

Prolapse should never be underestimated. Early reporting to a veterinarian can mean the difference between recovery and loss of the animal. Good management practices not only protect livestock health but also improve long-term reproductive efficiency.

Scientific note:
Sound livestock health management supports sustainable animal production systems, a principle aligned with global animal welfare and conservation frameworks recognized by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), which emphasizes responsible animal management as part of sustainable ecosystems.

Reference:
IUCN – Sustainable Livestock Management and Animal Welfare Principles

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15/12/2025

Uterine_torsion_in_buffalo_Difficulty_in_birth_kathin_prasav__Dystokia_

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10/12/2025

𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 occurs when bacteria develop the ability to survive the effects of antibiotics that previously worked against them. As a result, infections become harder to treat, recovery takes longer, and the risk of complications increases. This is considered a major global health concern for both humans and animals.

𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐈𝐬 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭?
1. Reduced effectiveness of medicines
When bacteria become resistant, antibiotics that once worked are no longer effective.

2. Longer treatment duration
Infections take more time to cure and may require multiple changes in medication.

3. Increased healthcare costs
More tests, more medications, and longer treatment all result in higher expenses.

4. Greater risk of spread
Resistant bacteria can spread from one individual to another more easily, increasing the danger for the entire community.

𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
✔ Unnecessary use of antibiotics
Antibiotics only treat bacterial infections, but they are often used for conditions where they offer no benefit.

✔ Incomplete treatment courses
Stopping antibiotics too early allows the strongest bacteria to survive and develop resistance.

✔ Preventive or habitual use without proper indication
Using antibiotics “just in case” greatly accelerates resistance.

✔ Environmental transmission
Bacteria can move through water, soil, surfaces, and direct contact, spreading resistance.

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐇𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐀𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡
•Failure of standard treatments

•Increased severity of infections

•Higher risk of secondary complications

•Fewer effective treatment options

•Need for stronger and more expensive medications

•Longer recovery periods

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
✔ Use antibiotics only with professional guidance
Never use antibiotics without proper medical or veterinary advice.

✔ Complete the full treatment course
Finishing the prescribed dosage ensures all bacteria are eliminated.

✔ Rely on accurate diagnosis
Laboratory tests such as culture and sensitivity help identify the correct antibiotic.

✔ Maintain good hygiene practices
Clean environments reduce infection risk and minimize the need for antibiotics.

✔ Promote public awareness
Communities should understand that antibiotics do not treat viral infections, pain, or fatigue.

𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
World Health Organization (WHO). Global Principles on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2024.

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10/12/2025

09/12/2025

Abnormal fetal positions of the calf inside the cow’s uterus.

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09/12/2025

𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐅𝐥𝐮 (𝐇𝟓𝐍𝟏) 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐰𝐬 – 𝐀 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐆𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐧
The recent discovery of H5N1 bird flu in dairy cows has surprised scientists worldwide because this virus has historically infected only birds. Its appearance in cattle represents a new shift in how the virus behaves, and experts are now studying it closely.

𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬
First time in history: Cows were never known to get infected with H5N1.
Public health link: Some farm workers in the USA have tested positive, though symptoms were mild.
Food system impact: The virus can reduce milk production and cause major economic losses.
Possible virus evolution: When a virus jumps species, it may gain new abilities, so scientists are monitoring mutations.

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐈𝐭 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝐇𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐒𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝
Researchers believe the virus likely moved to cows through:
Contact with infected wild birds
Contaminated feed or water
Environmental exposure on open farms
Once inside a herd, transmission between cows is a major question scientists are trying to answer.

𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐖𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐀𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐞
Americans and Europeans follow this topic closely because it affects:
Food safety
Farm worker health
Agricultural stability
The possibility of the virus evolving further
𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥
Clark, K. E., Lindsey, R. L., Wolking, R. M., et al. (2024). Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cattle. Nature.

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09/12/2025

08/12/2025

Uterus of a cow, fetus with two heads.

08/12/2025

07/12/2025

Dog Stuck

For public awareness

why do dogs get stuck?
As a zoologist, we all are familiar with this scene. Many of us don't have much fun with animal s*x. When someone find street dogs in this situation, they kick them.
Some again hit them with bamboo or sticks, overly enthusiastic.

Let's understand a little bit. We mean that animals and "s*x" are just as basic as humans. First of all, the joke about the system in which you were born is not very appropriate.

So why are they stuck?

Dog s*x is mainly done in two or three steps, the second of which is the 'stuck' step. When a male dog emits semen, the 'bulbas glandis' of his ge****ls become quite stiff and at the same time the muscles of the va**na of a female dog become constricted.

As a result, the male dog cannot remove its ge****ls from the female dog's ge****ls until both muscles are relaxed. During this time, some fluid is secreted from the male dog's ge****ls, which causes his s***m to flow more quickly.

The duration can be 5 to 45 minutes.

So what happens when you force them to run or hit their ge****ls with something?

Yes, sometimes the muscles relax quickly, but in most cases the muscles break and in some cases the female dog loses its s*xual ability. Sometimes there are more problems, including loss of kidney function in male dogs.

You have no right to harm them just as they are not harming you. It is a good thing that you are collecting love reactions with pictures of puppies on social media day and night, if you can at the same time do them some good.

And even if you don't do that, there is no problem, please don't do any harm to them.

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