Anfac Livestock and Agribusiness Solutions

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29/11/2024

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10/11/2024

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16/08/2021

Animals terminology

01/06/2021

31/05/2021

𝗖𝗢𝗘𝗡𝗨𝗥𝗨𝗦 𝗖𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗟𝗜𝗦 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡(𝗚𝗶𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗱𝘆)

Coenurosis is a disease of the brain and spinal cord caused by the intermediate stage of Taenia multiceps which inhabits the intestine of dogs, cats and wild carnivores. The clinical disease occurs in sheep and rarely in cattle.
Diseases caused by 𝗛𝗲𝗹𝗺𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗵𝘀

𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗰𝘆𝗰𝗹𝗲: Eggs expelled with dog faeces are ingested by the intermediate host (sheep). The larvae hatch in the intestine and pass with the blood stream towards different organs. The larvae which reach the brain and spinal cord grow to the coenurid stage. Coenurus cerebralis will further mature in the brain and spinal cord.

𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀

During migration of larval stage
✓Blindness
✓Muscular tremor and incoordination
✓Excitability and collapse
Infection with the fully developed larval stage

✓Salivation
✓Wild expressions
✓Frenzied running and convulsion
✓Deviation of eye and head
✓Loss of function
✓Dullness
✓Incomplete mastication
✓Head pressing
✓Incomplete paralysis and, in spinal cord involvement, inability to rise

𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀:
Thin walled cyst in the brain
Lesion in the lumbar region and rarely, in the cervical area of the spine

𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀 : Abscess, haemorrhage, brain tumours and in early stages, inflammation of the brain and rabies
𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁
☑️ Albendazole

30/05/2021

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Hypomagnesaemia (Grass Staggers/ Tetany)

Hypomagnesaemia occurs when the intake of magnesium is exceeded by its output. The clinical signs can occur very quickly because the cow does not store magnesium, and is thus reliant on its daily dietary intake. Hypomagnesaemia is most commonly a disease of lactating cows at grass, because grass can be very low in magnesium and the output in milk is high.

Like most nutritional diseases, the animals showing clinical signs are just the tip of the iceberg, for every cow with obvious disease many more will be affected sub clinically.

The increase in disease in spring occurs because rapidly growing grasses, particularly ryegrasses, are very low in magnesium. This low concentration of magnesium can be further reduced by the application of fertiliser, partly because of the increase in growth rate, but also because application of potassium directly inhibits uptake of magnesium by the grass. Slower growing forages, particularly clovers and other broad-leaved plants contain much higher levels of magnesium.

• Symptoms

Restlessness
Staggers
Over-alert appearance
Excitable or agressive
Animals may fall down and go into convulsions
In many cases animals may die without any prior sign of disease

• Treatment

Treatment must be prompt to be effective. It is best to inject a combined calcium and magnesium solution under the skin in the area behind the shoulder and over the ribs. Massage the area well after injecting the solution to spread the fluid and aid its rapid absorption into the blood stream.

Animals should not be moved during treatment, but once they have responded to treatment it is best to mvoe them off the pasture. In some cases, repeat treatment may be needed.

• Prevention

Daily supplmentation of magnesium should be given to animals at risk. This can be through a mixture of oral supplements including salt licks, molasses concentrates or hay. Fertilisers containing magnesium are effective in increasing herbage magnes

30/05/2021

Hypomagnesaemia (Grass Staggers/ Tetany)

Hypomagnesaemia occurs when the intake of magnesium is exceeded by its output. The clinical signs can occur very quickly because the cow does not store magnesium, and is thus reliant on its daily dietary intake. Hypomagnesaemia is most commonly a disease of lactating cows at grass, because grass can be very low in magnesium and the output in milk is high.

Like most nutritional diseases, the animals showing clinical signs are just the tip of the iceberg, for every cow with obvious disease many more will be affected sub clinically.

The increase in disease in spring occurs because rapidly growing grasses, particularly ryegrasses, are very low in magnesium. This low concentration of magnesium can be further reduced by the application of fertiliser, partly because of the increase in growth rate, but also because application of potassium directly inhibits uptake of magnesium by the grass. Slower growing forages, particularly clovers and other broad-leaved plants contain much higher levels of magnesium.

• Symptoms

Restlessness
Staggers
Over-alert appearance
Excitable or agressive
Animals may fall down and go into convulsions
In many cases animals may die without any prior sign of disease

• Treatment

Treatment must be prompt to be effective. It is best to inject a combined calcium and magnesium solution under the skin in the area behind the shoulder and over the ribs. Massage the area well after injecting the solution to spread the fluid and aid its rapid absorption into the blood stream.

Animals should not be moved during treatment, but once they have responded to treatment it is best to mvoe them off the pasture. In some cases, repeat treatment may be needed.

• Prevention

Daily supplmentation of magnesium should be given to animals at risk. This can be through a mixture of oral supplements including salt licks, molasses concentrates or hay. Fertilisers containing magnesium are effective in increasing herbage magnes

29/05/2021

𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗪𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗘𝗔𝗦𝗘)
_______________________________________
Heartwater (also known as cowdriosis, nintas, and ehrlichiosis) is a tick-borne rickettsial disease of domestic and wild ruminants.

𝗔𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗲𝘀
✓Cattle
✓Buffalo
✓Sheep
✓G𝗼𝗮𝘁

𝗘𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆
It is caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium) - an intracellular Gram-negative coccal bacterium (also referred to as Rickettsia ruminantium). The disease is spread by bont ticks, which are members of the genus Amblyomma

𝗖𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻𝘀
➪by an increased vascular permeability and consequent oedema and hypovolemia.
➪Neurological signs such as tremors and head pressing,
➪Respiratory signs such as coughing and nasal discharge, and
➪Systemic signs such as fever and loss of appetite.
➪Physical examination may reveal petechiae of the mucous membranes, tachycardia, and muffled heart sounds. Cowdriosis can also cause reproductive and gastrointestinal disease. It is frequently fatal.

Amblyomma hebraeum, a vector of heartwater disease

𝗗𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀
To definitively diagnose the disease, C. ruminantium must be demonstrated either in preparations of the hippocampus under Giemsa staining or by histopathology of brain or kidney.

𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹
✓𝗔nimals may be treated with sulfonamides and tetracyclines.
✓A live blood vaccine is available for protection of young stock, but animals may require treatment for the disease after vaccination.
✓Ectoparasiticides, used as dips, can be used to reduce exposure the animals exposure to bont ticks.