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Muhammad Saif, Chishtian Mandi (2025)

14/08/2025

Clinical Case at Focus Pet Clinic - Canine Laparotomy

A 2-year-old mixed-breed dog was presented with vomiting, anorexia, and abdominal pain. Imaging revealed foreign material in the stomach. I assisted in the laparotomy, where a rubber tape and a bone fragment were surgically removed. The bone had caused mucosal damage to the stomach lining.

Postoperative care included:

Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IV SID) - a**lgesic
Ceftriaxone (30 mg/kg IV BID) - antibiotic
Diazepam (0.3 mg/kg IV) - mild sedative
Supportive therapy and dietary management were also provided.

03/08/2024

: An Overview

Cats are meticulous groomers, spending a significant portion of their day licking and cleaning their fur. While grooming, cats ingest loose hairs, which can accumulate in their stomachs and form hairballs. Typically, these hairballs pass through the digestive system without issue, but sometimes they can cause a cat to vomit. Hairball vomit is a common concern among cat owners and can sometimes indicate underlying health issues if it occurs frequently.

Diagnosing hairball-related vomiting involves observing the cat's behavior and examining the vomit. Hairball vomit usually contains clumps of hair mixed with stomach fluids.

While the occasional hairball is normal, excessive hairballs can lead to various symptoms:
1. Frequent Vomiting: Cats may vomit more often as they try to expel hairballs. This can lead to dehydration and discomfort.
2. Loss of Appetite: Persistent hairballs can cause a cat to feel full or nauseous, leading to reduced food intake.
3. Lethargy: The discomfort from hairballs may make a cat less active than usual.
4. Constipation or Diarrhea: Hairballs can disrupt the digestive process, leading to irregular bowel movements.
5. Coughing and Gagging: Cats may exhibit coughing or gagging as they try to expel hairballs.

Managing hairballs involves a combination of dietary changes, grooming, and veterinary care.

- High-Fiber Diet: Incorporating high-fiber foods can help move hair through the digestive tract more efficiently. Specialized hairball control cat foods, like , are beneficial.
- Hydration: Ensuring the cat has access to plenty of fresh water helps maintain digestive health.

- Regular Grooming: Frequent brushing, especially for long-haired breeds, reduces the amount of loose hair the cat ingests. This is crucial during shedding seasons.

- Hairball Remedies: Over-the-counter hairball remedies, often in the form of gels or pastes, can lubricate the digestive tract, making it easier for hair to pass through. is a popular option.
- Surgery: If a hairball causes a severe blockage, surgical intervention might be required to remove it.

While hairballs are a natural part of a cat's grooming process, they can sometimes lead to discomfort and health issues. Regular grooming, proper diet, and prompt veterinary care can help manage and reduce the frequency of hairball-related vomiting. Cat owners should remain vigilant and seek professional advice if they notice any concerning symptoms, ensuring their feline companions remain healthy and comfortable.

01/08/2024

Case Study: **l in a Calf

A**l stenosis is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the a**l ca**l, causing difficulty in defecation and discomfort. It can be congenital or acquired and is often seen in young calves. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent severe complications such as megacolon or systemic infection.

Difference Between and **l
1. Atresia Ani: A congenital anomaly where there is a complete absence of an a**l opening, leading to total obstruction.
2. A**l Stenosis: A partial narrowing of the a**l ca**l, allowing limited passage of f***s with difficulty.
3. Clinical Presentation: Atresia ani presents with no defecation from birth, while a**l stenosis may present with straining, abdominal distension, and poor growth.

Diagnosis involves a thorough physical examination, observing signs like straining and abdominal discomfort. Palpation may reveal a narrow a**l opening. Imaging, such as ultrasonography or radiography, helps assess the severity and identify complications.

Treatment includes surgical intervention to widen the stenotic a**l ca**l. The procedure involves dilation and, if necessary, to reconstruct the a**l opening. Postoperative care is critical, focusing on pain management, preventing infection, and ensuring proper diet to facilitate smooth recovery.

A female calf was presented at Civil Veterinary Hospital, Chishtian with difficulty defecating and abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis of a**l stenosis was confirmed through physical examination. Under general anesthesia, the stenotic area was surgically widened, and an anoplasty was performed. The calf was prescribed antibiotics and a high-fiber diet post-surgery.

This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in managing a**l stenosis in calves.

29/07/2024

Case Study:

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease in poultry caused by protozoa of the genus 'Eimeria', affecting the intestinal tract. It is prevalent in young birds and can cause symptoms like diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased feed efficiency. Severe cases may result in death. The disease poses significant economic challenges due to increased mortality, reduced growth, and treatment costs.

Diagnosis involves observing clinical signs such as
1. Lethargy
2. Reduced feed intake
3. Diarrhea
4. Bloody droppings are a severe indicator
5. Drooping wings
6. Anemia
7. Dehydration
Post-mortem examination reveals intestinal lesions, which vary depending on the 'Eimeria' species.
Laboratory diagnosis includes microscopic examination of f***l samples for oocysts and molecular techniques like PCR for precise species identification.

1. Amprolium:
Amprolium, an anticoccidial drug, inhibits 'Eimeria' by blocking thiamine uptake. It is effective against multiple 'Eimeria' species and is administered in drinking water or feed, usually at 0.012% to 0.024% for 5-7 days, followed by a lower dose to prevent relapse.

2. Coxicure Syrup:
Coxicure syrup contains sulfadimidine and trimethoprim, which inhibit folic acid synthesis in 'Eimeria', preventing DNA replication. It is administered orally, often mixed with water, with dosages adjusted based on infection severity and bird weight.

:
Supportive care includes providing clean water, high-quality feed, and maintaining good sanitation to prevent secondary infections and promote recovery. Reducing stress factors like overcrowding and environmental changes is also crucial.

Coccidiosis is a major challenge in poultry farming, requiring early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and preventive measures such as vaccination and good biosecurity practices. Regular monitoring of oocyst counts helps in managing the disease's impact on poultry health and productivity.

27/07/2024

: A Silent Threat in Veterinary Medicine

Tetanus is a non-contagious, non-febrile, and potentially fatal disease affecting mammals. It is caused by the neurotoxin-producing bacterium
''Clostridium tetani'', which thrives in anaerobic conditions such as those found in deep wounds or necrotic tissue. The disease is characterized by muscle rigidity and spasms, often leading to a "sawhorse" stance in affected animals. Horses are particularly susceptible, followed by sheep and goats, while dogs and cats show relative resistance.

Diagnosing tetanus relies on a combination of clinical history and observable symptoms, as laboratory tests for the toxin are not commonly available in routine veterinary practice.
A history of recent wounds, particularly those involving necrotic tissue or contamination with soil, raises suspicion.
Clinical symptoms include
1. Muscle Stiffness
2. Trismus (lockjaw)
3. Opisthotonus (arched back)
4. Hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity to stimuli).
In severe cases, there is
5. Prolapse of the third eyelid
6. Difficulty in eating and drinking leading to secondary complications like anorexia and dehydration.

Neonatal tetanus is a particular concern in newborn animals, often resulting from unhygienic practices such as improper cutting of the umbilical cord. In such cases, the onset of symptoms can be rapid, with affected neonates showing symptoms like anorexia, stiffness in limbs, and opisthotonus. Immediate veterinary intervention is crucial, as the mortality rate in untreated cases is high.

The treatment of tetanus involves both addressing the infection and managing the symptoms. Key components of treatment include:
- Tetanus Antitoxin: Administered to neutralize the circulating toxin.
- Antibiotics: Such as Procaine Penicillin, to inhibit bacterial growth.
- Muscle Relaxants: Drugs like Inj. Diazepam(0.5mg/kg BW IV) and Inj. Deriphylline (1 mg/kg BW IV) can help alleviate muscle spasms and breathing difficulty.
- Supportive Care: This includes maintaining hydration (5% dextrose), feeding, and preventing secondary infections.

Prognosis depends on the severity and duration of symptoms prior to treatment. Early intervention improves outcomes significantly.

Tetanus remains a critical condition in veterinary practice, particularly in environments where animals are exposed to soil and potentially contaminated wounds. Early recognition and comprehensive treatment are essential to improving survival rates. Tetanus is a zoonotic threat; veterinarians should use protective gear and hygiene protocols to prevent transmission from animals to humans. Both veterinary professionals and animal handlers should be aware of the signs and risks associated with this disease.

24/07/2024

or in Cattle: Understanding and Treating the Condition

Papillomatosis, commonly known as warts, is a viral disease in cattle caused by the bovine papillomavirus (BPV). It typically affects young animals due to their underdeveloped immune systems, presenting as benign growths on the skin and mucous membranes. While generally benign, warts can cause discomfort, secondary infections, and economic losses in severe cases.

&
Warts appear as multiple, sessile or pedunculated, circumscribed grey-white to dark brownish-black outgrowths on the skin. Common sites include the neck, eyelids, teats, and lower abdomen. Though usually harmless, these growths can interfere with feeding and milking, particularly when located near the mouth or on the udder.

Methods
Treatment varies based on wart severity and location:

1. Immunotherapy: Methods like autogenous vaccination and autohemotherapy stimulate the immune system to combat warts.

2. Cryotherapy: Freezes warts with liquid nitrogen, effective but requires specialized equipment.

3. Chemical Treatment: Uses topical agents like podophyllin or salicylic acid, requiring careful application to avoid healthy tissue damage.

4. Surgical Removal: Necessary for larger warts or those causing discomfort, requiring careful post-operative care to prevent infection.

Autogenous vaccination involves creating a vaccine from the animal's removed warts to stimulate an immune response. The process includes:

1. Collection: Collect warts with varied morphology after surgical removal.

2. Preparation: Triturate tissues with a mortar and pestle, mix with sterile saline, filter, and add formalin and gentamicin sulfate. Store at 4°C for 2 days.

3. Administration: Administer 1,2,3,4 & 5 ml subcutaneously on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9.

This method uses the animal's blood to boost the immune system. It involves:

1. Blood Collection: Draw 20-30ml of blood from the jugular vein.

2. Re-injection: Inject half IM in the gluteal region and half S/C in the lateral neck. Repeat weekly for four weeks.

This treatment enhances macrophage activity, aiding in wart regression. Combining it with autogenous vaccination can accelerate recovery, offering a simple, cost-effective solution for farm use.

Preventing papillomatosis involves good hygiene and biosecurity measures. Quarantine new animals, regularly clean equipment and facilities, and manage herd stress to reduce viral spread.

20/07/2024

in Goats: A Case Study

Listeriosis, caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, is a significant and often fatal disease in goats. It affects a variety of animals, including humans, and is known for its zoonotic potential. The disease manifests in several forms, including encephalitis (most common in ruminants), septicemia, and abortion. Goats are particularly susceptible to the encephalitic form, which can rapidly lead to severe neurological symptoms and death if not promptly addressed.

The clinical presentation of listeriosis in goats varies, but the most common form is encephalitis, characterized by:
- Circling behavior
- Head tilt
- Unilateral facial paralysis
- Drooping ear
- Drooping eyelid
- Depression and lethargy
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
- Lack of coordination
- Seizures in advanced cases

Less commonly, goats may experience septicemia, presenting with:
- High fever
- Weakness
- Diarrhea
- Sudden death

Pregnant goats may abort or give birth to weak offspring.

Diagnosing listeriosis involves a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and post-mortem examination. Key steps include:
1. Clinical Signs: Observing the characteristic neurological symptoms, particularly the circling and unilateral facial paralysis.

Treatment success depends on early intervention. The mainstays of treatment include:
- Antibiotics: High doses of penicillin or ampicillin are most effective against Listeria. These are often administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
- Supportive Care: Ensuring the goat remains hydrated and receives proper nutrition. Fluids and electrolytes may be administered as needed.
- Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help reduce brain inflammation and alleviate pain.
- Isolation: Affected goats should be isolated to prevent the spread of the disease.

During a recent case at Civil Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Chishtian, we observed a goat exhibiting severe circling behavior, unilateral facial paralysis, and depression. Given the clinical signs and rapid progression, listeriosis was highly suspected. The goat's history revealed possible exposure to contaminated silage, a common source of Listeria.

Upon diagnosis, we immediately initiated treatment:
1. Antibiotics: Administered high doses of penicillin intravenously to combat the bacterial infection.
2. Supportive Care: Provided fluids and electrolytes to maintain hydration and nutritional support.
3. Anti-inflammatory Medication: Administered NSAIDs to reduce inflammation and manage pain.
4. Isolation and Monitoring: Isolated the affected goat to prevent disease spread and closely monitored its condition.

19/07/2024

in Goats: A Case Study

to Auricle Hematoma
Auricle hematoma, also known as ear hematoma, is a condition where blood accumulates between the cartilage and skin of the ear, leading to swelling. This can occur due to trauma, such as head shaking or ear scratching, which causes blood vessels to rupture. It is relatively common in livestock, including goats, and requires prompt treatment to prevent complications.

Goats with auricle hematoma typically exhibit:
- Swelling and thickening of the ear
- Pain and tenderness
- Head shaking or scratching
- Potential disfigurement if left untreated

Diagnosis is based on clinical examination. The affected ear appears swollen and may feel fluctuant due to the accumulation of blood and fluid. Differentiating between , , and is crucial: hematoma involves blood accumulation, edema is fluid buildup due to inflammation, and abscesses contain pus from infections.

My Personal
During my examination, I observed the cartilaginous pinna of the goat's ear filled with blood and fluid. The ear was swollen, and palpation revealed a fluctuant mass, indicative of a hematoma. Differentiating this from edema or an abscess, I noted the absence of signs of infection or general inflammation, confirming the hematoma diagnosis.

The primary treatment for auricle hematoma is surgical intervention to drain the accumulated blood and prevent recurrence. The procedure involves:
1. Sedating the goat and securing the ear.
2. Making a small incision on the hematoma, carefully avoiding major blood vessels.
3. Draining the blood and fluid from the ear.
4. Flushing the area with antiseptic solution, such as tincture benzoin co., to prevent infection.
5. Placing sutures or a drain to prevent re-accumulation of blood and promote healing.

Post-surgical care is crucial for recovery and includes:
- Administering antibiotics to prevent infection
- Providing anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and swelling
- Keeping the goat in a clean, dry environment to facilitate healing
- Regular monitoring for any signs of complications or recurrence

Performed
At Civil Veterinary Hospital, Chishtian, I performed the following procedure on the affected goat:
1. After sedating the goat, I carefully made a small incision on the swollen area, ensuring to keep the veins intact to avoid excessive bleeding.
2. The accumulated blood and fluid were drained completely.
3. The area was then thoroughly cleaned with tincture benzoin co. to disinfect and promote healing.
4. Sutures were placed to close the incision, preventing further accumulation of fluid.
5. The goat was given antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs as part of the post-operative care.

This surgical intervention was successful, and the goat showed signs of recovery within a few days.

18/07/2024

Study: Foot and Mouth Disease( ) in a Holstein Friesian Cow at Civil Veterinary Hospital (CVH) Chishtian

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). It is characterized by fever, lameness, and vesicular lesions on the tongue, mouth, hooves, and teats. FMD leads to severe economic losses due to decreased milk production, weight loss, and trade restrictions. Effective management and control measures, including vaccination and biosecurity practices, are crucial to prevent the spread of FMD.

Presentation
At Civil Veterinary Hospital (CVH) Chishtian, a Holstein Friesian cow was presented with symptoms indicative of FMD. The cow had been kept under poor management conditions. The environment was dirty and wet, with the area filled with dung and urine, exacerbating the disease.

Upon examination, the cow exhibited:
- Fever (104 °F)
- Excessive salivation
- Vesicular lesions on the tongue, gums, and inner lips
- Lameness and reluctance to move
- Lesions and ulcers on the interdigital space and coronary band of the hooves
- Poor wound management of the hoof, surrounded by dung and wet with urine

Diagnosis was based on clinical signs
- Fever
- Lameness
- Vascular Lesions on tongue, hooves & teats

We Provided
1. Antipyretics and Anti-inflammatory Agents:
- Flunixin meglumine (Megludyne): 2.2 mg/kg IV once daily for 3 days

2. Antibiotics:
- Oxytetracycline (Terramycin LA): 20 mg/kg IM every 48 hours for 5 days.
- Penicillin-Streptomycin (Combiotic): 1 ml/10 kg IM daily for 5 days

3. Topical Treatment for Lesions:
- Povidone-Iodine Solution: Applied to lesions twice daily
- Copper Sulfate Footbath: 5% solution daily

4. Supportive Care:
- Electrolyte Solution (Rehydion Gel): Administered orally.
- Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation (Vitamol): Given to boost immunity

5. Wound Management:
- Regular cleaning and debridement of hoof lesions
- Keeping the cow in a clean and dry environment

Preventive measures included vaccination:
- Initial Dose: Polyvalent FMD vaccine (PakVac FMD).
- Booster Dose: Scheduled four weeks after the initial vaccination.
- Annual Revaccination: To maintain immunity.

Effective management and control of FMD require early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and preventive measures, including vaccination and improved biosecurity. This case highlights the importance of timely intervention and proper management in controlling Foot and Mouth Disease in cattle.

18/07/2024

Study: in Goat

:
Bloating, or ruminal tympany, is a potentially life-threatening condition in goats caused by gas accumulation in the rumen, leading to abdominal distension. This case study discusses the diagnostic symptoms, diagnostic approach, causes, personal diagnosis, and treatment of bloating in a goat.

Symptoms:
1. Distended abdomen, noticeable on the left side.
2. Discomfort and pain, such as grinding teeth or kicking at the belly.
3. Labored breathing due to pressure on the diaphragm.
4. Anorexia (refusal to eat or drink).
5. Decreased rumen motility.
6. Frequent urination due to bladder pressure.
7. Anxiety and restlessness.

Approach:
1. Physical examination to assess general condition and abdominal distension.
2. Auscultation to listen for reduced or absent rumen sounds.
3. Palpation to assess distension and pain.
4. Percussion to detect gas accumulation.
5. Blood tests for metabolic disturbances and dehydration.
6. Ultrasound/X-ray for severe cases to evaluate gas buildup.

of Bloating:
1. Dietary factors, such as sudden changes or high-grain/legume-rich diets.
2. Obstruction in the esophagus or stomach.
3. Rapid fermentation of carbohydrates.
4. Lack of exercise contributing to poor digestion.
5. Infections affecting rumen function.

:
1. Immediate intervention with a stomach tube or trocarization to relieve gas buildup.
2. Administer anti-foaming agents like poloxalene.
3. Gradual dietary changes to avoid high-risk feeds.
4. Encourage regular exercise.
5. Provide fluids and electrolytes for dehydration prevention.
6. Regular monitoring and preventive measures, including proper feeding practices and veterinary check-ups.

Diagnosis:
Observed symptoms included:
1. Marked distension on the left side of the abdomen.
2. Discomfort and pain, such as grinding teeth.
3. Labored breathing and frequent urination.
4. Anxiety and restlessness.
5. Absence of rumen contractions on auscultation.
6. Positive percussion indicating gas accumulation.

Provided:
We performed immediate intervention by pricking a needle at the left paralumbar fossa to evacuate the gases, significantly relieving pressure and discomfort.

Additionally, we administered supportive injections:
1. Poloxalene to reduce foam production.
2. Dexamethasone to reduce inflammation.
3. Metoclopramide to enhance rumen motility.
4. Electrolytes to prevent dehydration.

:
Bloating in goats requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent severe complications. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and appropriate interventions ensures the well-being of the animal. This case underscores the importance of vigilant care and timely response in managing bloating in goats.

Muhammad Saif

14/08/2025

03/08/2024

01/08/2024

29/07/2024

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