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Feline calicivirus infection (FCV) is a common and highly contagious viral disease of cats, mainly affecting the respira...
26/04/2026

Feline calicivirus infection (FCV) is a common and highly contagious viral disease of cats, mainly affecting the respiratory system, mouth, and sometimes joints.

Causative Agent
•Caused by Feline calicivirus (FCV), a non-enveloped RNA virus.

Transmission
•Spread through:
•Direct contact (saliva, nasal discharge, eye secretions)
•Contaminated objects (food bowls, bedding, hands)
•Survives in the environment for several days.

Clinical Signs
•Sneezing and nasal discharge
•Oral ulcers (tongue, gums, lips)
•Fever
•Conjunctivitis
•Drooling
•Loss of appetite
•Lameness (limping syndrome in some strains)
•Severe cases: pneumonia or systemic infection

Diagnosis
•Based on clinical signs
•PCR test or virus isolation (confirmatory)

Treatment
•(No specific antiviral cure – supportive care)
•Fluids (to prevent dehydration)
•Antibiotics (to control secondary bacterial infections)
•Pain relief (for oral ulcers)
•Nutritional support
•Cleaning nasal/ocular discharge

Prevention
•Vaccination (core vaccine: part of FVRCP)
•Good hygiene and isolation of infected cat

Venomous snakes of Nepal
24/04/2026

Venomous snakes of Nepal

Teat Warts (Papillomatosis) in Dairy Cows🐄🐄Teat warts are caused by a virus called bovine papillomavirus (BPV), leading ...
07/04/2026

Teat Warts (Papillomatosis) in Dairy Cows🐄🐄

Teat warts are caused by a virus called bovine papillomavirus (BPV), leading to rough, wart-like growths on the teats and udder. While often harmless, they can create serious problems during milking and increase the risk of infections like mastitis.

A common but overlooked condition affecting udder health and milk hygiene

Key Signs:
• Cauliflower-like growths on teats or udder
• Rough, hard, or hanging warts
• Bleeding when injured during milking
• Pain or discomfort while milking
• Difficulty in milk flow

Causes:
• Viral infection (BPV)
• Spread through direct contact
• Contaminated milking equipment
• Teat injuries or cracks
• Poor hygiene practices

What to do:
• Consult a veterinarian
• Remove large warts (if interfering with milking)
• Maintain strict hygiene
• Use treatment as advised
• Monitor for complications

Prevention:
✔️ Clean teats before & after milking
✔️ Disinfect milking equipment
✔️ Use separate towels for each cow
✔️ Prevent teat injuries
✔️ Control flies

Note: Most warts disappear naturally, but proper care is essential to avoid complications.

Mastitis in Dairy Cows 🐄🐄Mastitis is an infection of the udder caused predominantly by the ingress of bacteria. The infe...
05/04/2026

Mastitis in Dairy Cows 🐄🐄
Mastitis is an infection of the udder caused predominantly by the ingress of bacteria. The infected udder produces less milk and milk of a lower quality. The risk of the disease is increased when housing and bedding standards are below par or when the recommended milking parlour hygiene standards aren’t maintained.
One of the most costly diseases in dairy farming

Key Signs:
• Swollen, hot, painful udder
• Clots or flakes in milk
• Watery or abnormal milk
• Reduced milk production
• Cow shows pain during milking

Causes:
• Bacterial infection (most common)
• Poor milking hygiene
• Dirty housing conditions
• Injuries to the udder

What to do:
• Isolate affected cow
• Consult a veterinarian
• Use appropriate antibiotics (as prescribed)
• Maintain proper milking routine

Prevention
✔️ Clean udder before & after milking
✔️ Use proper milking techniques
✔️ Keep housing clean & dry
✔️ Regularly check milk for abnormalities

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting small ruminants such as goats and sheep....
03/04/2026

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting small ruminants such as goats and sheep. It spreads rapidly and can cause high mortality, leading to significant economic losses for farmers.

PPR is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus. Outbreaks are commonly associated with low vaccination coverage, uncontrolled animal movement, and poor biosecurity practices.

What does PPR look like in animals?
• High fever
• Watery discharge from eyes and nose
• Mouth sores and ulcers (erosive stomatitis)
• Foul-smelling diarrhea
• Coughing and difficulty breathing
• Weakness, dehydration, and sudden death in severe cases

How does PPR spread?
• Direct contact with infected animals
• Through secretions such as nasal discharge, saliva, and f***s
• Close contact during grazing, transport, and housing
• Introduction of infected animals into healthy flocks

What should you do if you suspect PPR on your farm?
• Contact a veterinarian immediately
• Isolate sick animals from healthy ones
• Provide supportive treatment (fluids, antibiotics for secondary infections)
• Restrict animal movement and limit farm access

Prevention measures
• Vaccinate animals regularly
• Avoid purchasing animals from unknown or infected sources
• Quarantine newly introduced animals for at least 2 weeks
• Maintain strict farm biosecurity and hygiene
• Properly dispose of carcasses and disinfect contaminated materials

Gestation period of mammals
02/04/2026

Gestation period of mammals

01/04/2026

Wild primates like this monkey are highly intelligent and social beings. They thrive in their natural habitats, surrounded by their own kind.
As veterinarians, our role is to promote animal welfare, respect wildlife, and protect the delicate balance between humans and nature.
Let’s observe with care, not interfere.

Info:
02/03/2026

Info:

Causes of distocia in cattle 🐄🐄
16/02/2026

Causes of distocia in cattle 🐄🐄

04/02/2026

Foot and Mouth Diseases (FMD)

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