Hernia: Types, Treatments, Symptoms, Causes & Prevention

Hernia: Types, Treatments, Symptoms, Causes & Prevention Hernias between the abdominal and thoracic cavities that involve the diaphragm are of several types Any devitalized bowel is resected via midline celiotomy.

Inguinal or scrotal hernias are common in pigs, horses (particularly draft breeds and warmbloods), and many breeds of dogs and are suspected to be hereditary. Inguinal hernias can occur in bi***es and may involve the uterus. Clinical signs vary from nonpainful inguinal or scrotal swelling to acute colic in horses or vomiting in dogs, particularly if the small intestine is strangulated. In horses,

palpation per re**um can diagnose intestinal loops in the vaginal ring, which can be gently removed to provide relief before transport to a surgical facility. In stallions, testis-sparing laparoscopic closure of the inguinal rings has been performed in both standing and recumbent horses with good outcome and subsequent fertility. In foals and calves, medical management through reduction of the hernia and placement of a figure-eight bandage has been successful in some cases. Hernias that do not spontaneously resolve early in life should be surgically corrected to prevent later complications. Hernias between the abdominal and thoracic cavities that involve the diaphragm are of several types and can be congenital or acquired (traumatic) in origin. Congenital pleuroperitoneal hernias have been described in small animals, horses, and calves. In horses, a specific type of hernia, a retrosternal or Morgani hernia, has been described in which a hernial sac protrudes into the thorax in the left dorsal tendinous portion of the diaphragm. The sac is characterized by a pleural covering and a peritoneal lining. In described cases, the presenting complaint was colic, and the diagnosis was made during exploratory celiotomy. Defects can be surgically repaired using mesh products to reduce risk of recurrence. The hernial sac is usually left in situ. In cases of direct herniation, clinical signs include dyspnea, exercise intolerance, lethargy, and weight loss. In cattle, herniation of the reticulum into the thorax has been described, with a right-side diaphragmatic defect. Clinical signs include anorexia, scant manure, tympani, and decreased or no rumination. Diagnosis is by radiography or ultrasonography. Peritoneopericardial hernias are defined as an embryologic defect in the failure of fusion of the septum transversum during diaphragmatic development, allowing communication between the abdominal cavity and pericardial sac. Weimaraners and domestic long-haired cats were overrepresented in one study. Clinical signs reflect the contents of the hernia, which may include omentum, liver, gallbladder, or small intestinal loops, and include cardiac tamponade, dyspnea, tachypnea, exercise intolerance, coughing, vomiting, and GI obstruction. In many cases, the diagnosis was an incidental finding during imaging or celiotomy for other reasons. Other congenital defects were found in many cases, including umbilical hernia, cryptorchidism, cleft palate, portosystemic shunt, and sternal or vertebral abnormalities. Animals with clinical signs were treated with surgical herniorrhaphy, whereas animals with no clinical signs tended to be closely monitored. Hiatal hernias occur through the esophageal hiatus and are classified into four types. Type I, the sliding hernia, is the most common in small animals and is characterized by intermittent displacement of the lower esophageal sphincter and gastric fundus into the thoracic cavity. Type II is less common and involves only the displacement of the gastric fundus. Brachycephalic breeds are overrepresented, with a hereditary nature suspected in Shar-Pei. Clinical signs include dysphagia, regurgitation, vomiting, ptyalism, and esophagitis due to decreased function of the lower esophageal sphincter. Diagnosis is by radiography or fluoroscopy; however, the intermittent nature can make diagnosis challenging. Medical treatment of esophagitis is required. Surgical correction is by combination of hiatal plication, esophagopexy, and left-side gastropexy.

06/10/2022

Sheep and goats are frequently presented with different forms of hernias to veterinary clinics. The aim of this study is to investigate the outcome of the surgical treatment of abdominal, umbilical, inguinal and scrotal hernias in sheep and goats. Fifty-eight clinical cases (sheep = 44, goat = 14) were presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia from September, 2003 to September, 2006. These animals had abdominal (sheep = 30, goat = 10), umbilical (sheep = 6, goat = 4), inguinal (sheep = 7) and scrotal (sheep = 1) hernias. All the cases of hernias in sheep and goats were subjected to full study including the history of the case, classification of hernias, the size of the hernial ring, surgical repair of the hernias, adhesions between the hernial sacs in each case, the postoperative care and follow up of the cases. The results revealed that gender had an effect on the incidence of hernia. The incidence of abdominal hernias was higher in females and the incidence of inguinal hernia was higher in males. There was a positive correlation between the history of hernia and the degree of adhesion. For the sheep, 26 out of 30 cases of abdominal hernia had good outcomes and the healing was excellent. There were postoperative complications in 4 ewes. For the goats, there were slight swellings at the site of operation in 2 out of 10 cases of abdominal hernia, while the remaining 8 cases had good outcomes. There was one case of umbilical hernia with an umbilical abscess that had broken down with sepsis formation at the surgical site. In conclusion, the success rates of surgical treatment for all types of hernias were very high and there were no significant differences in the success rates among the different types of hernias in both sheep and goats. The types of suture materials and the types of hernias had no significant effect on the outcome of the surgical treatment.

the ways of diagnosis and treatment by using different techniques, which way is more suitable either the highlight on ad...
06/10/2022

the ways of diagnosis and treatment by using different techniques, which way is more suitable either the highlight on advantage and disadvantage of these techniques. There are many types of a hernia may happen in cattle's but the most frequently noted in cattle was a ventral and umbilical hernia. The researches confirmed that an umbilical hernia usually accrued in calves due to failure to close of the umbilical cord, while a ventral hernia is usually present in cattle due to trauma, heavyweight. A hernia was easy to diagnoses by case history, inspection and palpation. There are several techniques to treat a hernia, surgical or non-surgical depending on the size and the type of a hernia. In case of surgical techniques, there are a two-type open and closed surgical operation. The recent searches commend that in case of a simple and small hernia in size they treat by suturing the edges of a ring by absorbable suture (Hernioraphy), but in case of a large hernia must be used mesh to support the muscle in technique named (Hernioplasty). Mesh may cause irritation in its site, cause post-operative pain, and delay the time of healing so the recent searches to make a solution to this problems mesh must be covert by special material to make a barrier between it and muscle and lubricated a site hernia.

06/10/2022

A true hernia is defined as having a hernia ring, sac, and contents. Hernias of the abdominal wall are common in all domestic species and include umbilical hernias and inguinal or scrotal hernias. Hernias may be direct (through a rent in the body wall) or indirect (through an already existing ring, such as the inguinal ring or umbilical ring). Congenital hernias tend to be indirect, although direct, traumatic hernias may arise during dystocia or obstetrical manipulations. Umbilical hernias vary in size and may contain only fat or omentum, or in more severe cases, intestinal loops. In dogs, Weimaraners, Pekingese, Basenjis, and Airedale Terriers are overrepresented. In many cases, umbilical hernia is seen in dogs with concurrent cryptorchidism. Hereditary etiology is suspected but not proved. In cattle, the Holstein Friesian breed is overrepresented. Diagnosis in all animals is by observation of the hernia sac, palpation, ultrasonography, and possibly radiographs. Surgical closure of the body wall defect is indicated in most cases to reduce risk of future intestinal incarceration.
Inguinal or scrotal hernias are common in pigs, horses (particularly draft breeds and warmbloods), and many breeds of dogs and are suspected to be hereditary. Inguinal hernias can occur in bi***es and may involve the uterus. Clinical signs vary from nonpainful inguinal or scrotal swelling to acute colic in horses or vomiting in dogs, particularly if the small intestine is strangulated. In horses, palpation per re**um can diagnose intestinal loops in the vaginal ring, which can be gently removed to provide relief before transport to a surgical facility. Any devitalized bowel is resected via midline celiotomy. In stallions, testis-sparing laparoscopic closure of the inguinal rings has been performed in both standing and recumbent horses with good outcome and subsequent fertility. In foals and calves, medical management through reduction of the hernia and placement of a figure-eight bandage has been successful in some cases. Hernias that do not spontaneously resolve early in life should be surgically corrected to prevent later complications.
Hernias between the abdominal and thoracic cavities that involve the diaphragm are of several types and can be congenital or acquired (traumatic) in origin. Congenital pleuroperitoneal hernias have been described in small animals, horses, and calves. In horses, a specific type of hernia, a retrosternal or Morgani hernia, has been described in which a hernial sac protrudes into the thorax in the left dorsal tendinous portion of the diaphragm. The sac is characterized by a pleural covering and a peritoneal lining. In described cases, the presenting complaint was colic, and the diagnosis was made during exploratory celiotomy. Defects can be surgically repaired using mesh products to reduce risk of recurrence. The hernial sac is usually left in situ. In cases of direct herniation, clinical signs include dyspnea, exercise intolerance, lethargy, and weight loss. In cattle, herniation of the reticulum into the thorax has been described, with a right-side diaphragmatic defect. Clinical signs include anorexia, scant manure, tympani, and decreased or no rumination. Diagnosis is by radiography or ultrasonography. Peritoneopericardial hernias are defined as an embryologic defect in the failure of fusion of the septum transversum during diaphragmatic development, allowing communication between the abdominal cavity and pericardial sac. Weimaraners and domestic long-haired cats were overrepresented in one study. Clinical signs reflect the contents of the hernia, which may include omentum, liver, gallbladder, or small intestinal loops, and include cardiac tamponade, dyspnea, tachypnea, exercise intolerance, coughing, vomiting, and GI obstruction. In many cases, the diagnosis was an incidental finding during imaging or celiotomy for other reasons. Other congenital defects were found in many cases, including umbilical hernia, cryptorchidism, cleft palate, portosystemic shunt, and sternal or vertebral abnormalities. Animals with clinical signs were treated with surgical herniorrhaphy, whereas animals with no clinical signs tended to be closely monitored. Hiatal hernias occur through the esophageal hiatus and are classified into four types. Type I, the sliding hernia, is the most common in small animals and is characterized by intermittent displacement of the lower esophageal sphincter and gastric fundus into the thoracic cavity. Type II is less common and involves only the displacement of the gastric fundus. Brachycephalic breeds are overrepresented, with a hereditary nature suspected in Shar-Pei. Clinical signs include dysphagia, regurgitation, vomiting, ptyalism, and esophagitis due to decreased function of the lower esophageal sphincter. Diagnosis is by radiography or fluoroscopy; however, the intermittent nature can make diagnosis challenging. Medical treatment of esophagitis is required. Surgical correction is by combination of hiatal plication, exy, and left-side gastropexy.

06/10/2022

Post-opt Consideration
rule for post-op hernia success is to restrict the animal’s movement. That usually is easiest to achieve with a dairy calf. With beef calves, she says to not return them straight to pasture. Instead, keep them in a small pen for four to six weeks. Also consider using an abdominal bandage for 24 to 72 hours to provide support. Depending on the animal’s anatomy and incision size, an alternative would be the use of a stent bandage.
Two additional treatment factors to consider are the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. “I'll oftentimes use a dose of penicillin at the time of surgery, especially if it's just a simple, uncomplicated repair with no sign of infection, just to cover for any contamination—especially if it's a field surgery I find that is usually adequate.”
From a management perspective, instructs clients to gradually re-introduce animals to forage over a three- to five-day period to prevent excessive rumen fill and pressure on the incision.

06/10/2022

Four Considerations For Calf Hernia Repair In The Field
Hernias in young calves can often be addressed surgically in the field. But before taking that step,
In simple terms, you need to know when to cut and when to run
If you opt for surgery, you want to do it while the problem is new and the calf is young. The reason for that is straightforward.
“When you fix hernias in a young calf, there’s not a lot of weight on the abdomen from the rumen and intestines,
The opposite is true as well. Larger animals tend to have larger hernias which are more challenging to address, especially outside the clinic or hospital.
Here are four additional considerations before you opt for surgery in the field:
1. Take the time to do a thorough physical exam. The reason: at first glance, some abnormalities look like simple hernias but are instead something more complicated to address, such as a Richter’s hernia or an abomasal fistula.
2. Determine whether the hernia is non-reducible. Baird says classically, simple hernias either contain small intestine (enterocele) or omentum (epiplocele) that is easily replaced in the abdominal cavity by depressing the hernia sac. The contents slide with little to no resistance from the hernia sac into the abdomen. When one releases the sac, the contents return readily
3. Evaluate whether infected umbilical structures are present. If so, in these scenarios, the hernia often requires more intensive surgery than what you may be able to accomplish in the field.
4. Consider the size of the hernia. Most simple hernias successfully treated in the field will be no more than 4 to 5 centimeters (three fingers in size) and have a hernia ring
less than 5 centimeters in diameter,

06/10/2022

A hernia is a protrusion of the contents of a body cavity through a weak spot of the body wall. This may be from accidental or a normal anatomical opening, which does not completely fulfill its physiological function. It is a common defect in calves Congenital umbilical hernias are of concern for heritability, although many umbilical hernias are secondary to umbilical sepsis. Multiple births and shortened gestation lengths are two important risk factors for congenital umbilical hernias in calves . These are probably the result of a polygenic threshold character, passively involving a major gene whose expression is mediated by the breed background. Sire and umbilical infections are associated with risk of an umbilical hernia in calves during the first 2 months of life The frequency of umbilical hernia in the progeny of males ranging from 1-21% is consistent with the hypothesis that enhancer is the carrier of major dominant or co-dominant gene with partial penetrance for umbilical hernia Hernias may be small at birth and gradually enlarge with age. The contents of an umbilical hernia are usually fat, omentum and, in some larger hernia, segments of small intestines. In cattle, large umbilical hernias are not uncommonly seen with an average frequency of 4-15%. They develop from improper closure of the umbilicus at birth due to the developmental anomaly or hypoplasia of the abdominal muscles or from manual breaking or resection of the cord close to the abdominal wall
Several methods for hernial treatment have been described. Ligation of the hernial sac, use of clamps, suturing of the hernial sac and radical operation are normally performed to correct the umbilical hernia, although open herniorrhaphy is the most common method of veterinary treatment. Despite its common use, open method of herniorrhaphy has many demerits especially bacterial infection that might cause recurrence of hernia. Whether closed herniorrhaphy can minimize these postoperative complications is unclear, although for an irreducible umbilical hernia there is no choice other than open herniorrhaphy. There is no data concerning comparison between the open and closed methods of herniorrhaphy in calves.
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the outcomes of both closed and open methods of herniorrhaphy used for the treatment of reducible umbilical hernia in bovine calves.

Umbilical hernias in calves commonly present to veterinary clinics, which are normally secondary to failure of the norma...
06/10/2022

Umbilical hernias in calves commonly present to veterinary clinics, which are normally secondary to failure of the normal closure of the umbilical ring, and which result in the protrusion of abdominal contents into the overlying subcutis. The aim of this study was to compare the suitability of commonly-used herniorrhaphies for the treatment of reducible umbilical hernia in calves. Thirty-four clinical cases presenting to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh from July 2004 to July 2007 were subjected to comprehensive study including history, classification of hernias, size of the hernial rings, presence of adhesion with the hernial sacs, postoperative care and follow-up. They were reducible, non-painful and had no evidence of infection present on palpation. The results revealed a gender influence, with the incidence of umbilical hernia being higher in female calves than in males. Out of the 34 clinical cases, 14 were treated by open method of herniorrhaphy and 20 were treated by closed method. Complications of hernia were higher (21%) in open method-treated cases than in closed method-treated cases (5%). Hernia recurred in three calves treated with open herniorrhaphy within 2 weeks of the procedure, with swelling in situ and muscular weakness at the site of operation. Shorter operation time and excellent healing rate (80%) were found in calves treated with closed herniorrhaphy. These findings suggest that the closed herniorrhaphy is better than the commonly-used open method for the correction of reducible umbilical hernia in calves.

Umbilical hernias are the most common birth defect in calves. They occur when the umbilical ring fails to close after b...
06/10/2022

Umbilical hernias are the most common birth defect in calves. They occur when the umbilical ring fails to close after birth, allowing abdominal contents to protrude through the opening. Umbilical hernias vary in severity from those that will spontaneously heal to those that will need surgical repair. But how do you determine whether it is severe and requires surgery or not? Some of the factors that should be considered when assessing the umbilical hernia include the size of the hernia, whether infection is present, and if the hernia can be reduced (i.e. the abdominal contents can be pushed easily back into place).
The size of an umbilical hernia can differ greatly, based on the size of the opening of the umbilical ring and the amount of abdominal contents that have protruded through this opening. If the hernia is less than one to three cm in diameter, and/or if the contents of the hernia are easily reducible, it is likely that the hernia is not severe and will heal spontaneously. A hernia that is less than four to five cm (or less than three fingers wide) can likely be resolved by wrapping an elastic bandage over the belly to keep the contents in once they have been put back in place. However, the larger the hernia sac, the more likely it is that the umbilical ring opening is large, and increasing the odds of surgical repair becoming necessary. As a rule of thumb, if the hernia sac/opening is more than six cm, can’t be replaced easily into the abdomen, persists for several weeks, and/or is infected, it is considered severe and you should contact your herd veterinarian to have it assessed.
When assessing the size of the hernia, it is also important to check for infection. Some signs of an infected hernia include fever, loss of appetite and poor growth rates. In some cases, signs of infection can also include frequent urination and urination through the umbilicus. If any of these symptoms are present it is important to further investigate the situation by calling your herd veterinarian to determine next steps.
It is also possible for an umbilical hernia to develop into a strangulated hernia. This happens when the intestines, which are part of the abdominal contents contained in the hernia sac, become twisted outside the body. Symptoms of a strangulated hernia include a warm, swollen, firm and painful hernia sac accompanied by signs of colic (grinding teeth, grunting, arching back, shifting weight, restlessness, depression, etc.). This type of umbilical hernia requires surgical repair by your herd veterinarian.
It is important to recognize and differentiate the signs and symptoms between a routine umbilical hernia that will heal on its own and a severe or strangulated umbilical hernia requiring surgical repair. If any signs and symptoms pointing towards a severe or strangulated hernia exist, consultation with your herd veterinarian is strongly encouraged to maintain the health and well-being of your calves. When inspecting your calves for umbilical hernias, it is better to be safe than sorry!
This article is part of an educational series project funded in part through Growing Forward 2 (GF2), a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The Agricultural Adaptation Council assists in the delivery of GF2 in Ontario.

05/05/2022

Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired, and they are seen in foals, calves, pups and pigs . Many small umbilical hernias may appear to resolve spontaneously, but large or strangulated umbilical hernias will require surgical correction. Inguinal hernia is relatively common in bulls, rams and boars. Scrotal hernia is merely an extension of an inguinal hernia. Congenital inguinal hernia is rare in bulls, but it may result in evisceration at castration. Acquired inguinal hernias occur in mature bulls and rams

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